NUR 2407 PHARMACOLOGY ACTUAL TEST
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE ANSWERS
ALREADY PASSED
⩥Hyponatremia treatment. Answer: Fluid restriction
If fluid restriction is not effective, give normal saline IV (0.9%NaCl).
very slowly
⩥Orthostasis. Answer: maintenance of an upright standing posture, can
be a significant side effect with use of a diuretic drug.
⩥Orthostatic hyotension. Answer: a decrease of >20mmHg systolic
blood pressure or a decrease of >10mmHgdiastolic blood pressure
within 3 minutes of assuming a standing position.
⩥Hyperkalemia causes. Answer: low potassium intake, renal
insufficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus, Addison's Disease, use of
potassium-sparing diuretics.
⩥Treatment of hyperkalemia. Answer: include calcium gluconate, loop
diuretics, patiromer (Veltassa), thiazide diuretics, sodium polystyrene
sulfonate (Kayexalate), regular insulin IV and inhaled albuterol.
,⩥Insulin and beta-2 agonist inhalers. Answer: are used to treat
hyperkalemia because they move potassium from the bloodstream into
the cells; insulin also increases the transport of glucose from the
bloodstream into the cells.
⩥Calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Answer: depends on calcitriol,
calcitonin, and PTH hormone regulation; is affected by parathyroid
hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin.
⩥Hypercalcemia causes. Answer: bone hyperplasia, neoplasms, thiazide
diuretics.
⩥Hypercalcemia treatment. Answer: calcitonin, pamidronate, zoledronic
acid
⩥Insufficient dietary intake of vitamin D. Answer: can result in
cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and rickets.
⩥rickets. Answer: osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
⩥insufficient dietary intake of vitamin B12. Answer: can result in
pernicious anemia.
⩥pernicious anemia. Answer: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by
inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
, ⩥A patient with metabolic alkalosis and partial respiratory
compensation. Answer: will have symptoms of fatigue, cool pale hands
and feet, a new-onset systolic heart murmur, and vomiting coffee-ground
looking material.
⩥Hypokalemia. Answer: will increase digoxin toxicity
⩥Endocrinology:
Hyperparathyroidism. Answer: can cause secondary renal failure
⩥Primary hyperparathyroidism. Answer: Excess secretion of PTH from
one or more parathyroid glands; is typically caused by a tumor in the
parathyroid gland.
⩥Hyperglycemia. Answer: can occur with increased release of cortisol,
epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone into the bloodstream.
⩥Hypoglycemia. Answer: can be caused by starvation and intense
exercise
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE ANSWERS
ALREADY PASSED
⩥Hyponatremia treatment. Answer: Fluid restriction
If fluid restriction is not effective, give normal saline IV (0.9%NaCl).
very slowly
⩥Orthostasis. Answer: maintenance of an upright standing posture, can
be a significant side effect with use of a diuretic drug.
⩥Orthostatic hyotension. Answer: a decrease of >20mmHg systolic
blood pressure or a decrease of >10mmHgdiastolic blood pressure
within 3 minutes of assuming a standing position.
⩥Hyperkalemia causes. Answer: low potassium intake, renal
insufficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus, Addison's Disease, use of
potassium-sparing diuretics.
⩥Treatment of hyperkalemia. Answer: include calcium gluconate, loop
diuretics, patiromer (Veltassa), thiazide diuretics, sodium polystyrene
sulfonate (Kayexalate), regular insulin IV and inhaled albuterol.
,⩥Insulin and beta-2 agonist inhalers. Answer: are used to treat
hyperkalemia because they move potassium from the bloodstream into
the cells; insulin also increases the transport of glucose from the
bloodstream into the cells.
⩥Calcium and phosphate homeostasis. Answer: depends on calcitriol,
calcitonin, and PTH hormone regulation; is affected by parathyroid
hormone, vitamin D and calcitonin.
⩥Hypercalcemia causes. Answer: bone hyperplasia, neoplasms, thiazide
diuretics.
⩥Hypercalcemia treatment. Answer: calcitonin, pamidronate, zoledronic
acid
⩥Insufficient dietary intake of vitamin D. Answer: can result in
cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and rickets.
⩥rickets. Answer: osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
⩥insufficient dietary intake of vitamin B12. Answer: can result in
pernicious anemia.
⩥pernicious anemia. Answer: lack of mature erythrocytes caused by
inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
, ⩥A patient with metabolic alkalosis and partial respiratory
compensation. Answer: will have symptoms of fatigue, cool pale hands
and feet, a new-onset systolic heart murmur, and vomiting coffee-ground
looking material.
⩥Hypokalemia. Answer: will increase digoxin toxicity
⩥Endocrinology:
Hyperparathyroidism. Answer: can cause secondary renal failure
⩥Primary hyperparathyroidism. Answer: Excess secretion of PTH from
one or more parathyroid glands; is typically caused by a tumor in the
parathyroid gland.
⩥Hyperglycemia. Answer: can occur with increased release of cortisol,
epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone into the bloodstream.
⩥Hypoglycemia. Answer: can be caused by starvation and intense
exercise
