Primary FRCA Physiology: Cardiovascular Exam |
Most Recent Exam 2026 Actual Complete Real
Exam 180 Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
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DR.LASITH RANASINGHE
Review cardiovascular physiology, including cardiac output, vascular
control, blood pressure regulation, and hemodynamics’. (179 cards)
1
Q
List three adaptations that maximize exchange at capillaries.
ANSWERS:
Low velocity (0.05-0.1 cm/s vs. 25 cm/s in the aorta)
Large surface area (6300 m²)
Thin walls
2
Q
List locations of fenestrated capillaries.
ANSWERS:
Glomerulus
Endocrine glands (e.g., thyroid, pituitary)
3
,Q
Where are discontinuous capillaries found?
ANSWERS:
In liver sinusoids.
4
Q
Which factors cause precapillary sphincters to dilate, allowing blood
flow through the capillary bed?
ANSWERS:
Nitric oxide
Decreased PO₂ or increased PCO₂
Elevated temperature
Rising K⁺
Acidosis (e.g., lactate)
Prostacyclin, thromboxane, and endothelins
5
Q
What colloid oncotic pressure is exerted by albumin in the
intravascular space?
ANSWERS:
26 mm Hg
NOTE: interstitial oncotic pressure is around 17 mm Hg
6
,Q
State the Starling equation for capillary fluid dynamics.
ANSWERS:
Q = Kf (Pc−Pi)−σ(πc−πi)
Where:
Q → net fluid movement
Kf (K) → filtration coefficient (permeability × surface area)
Pc / Pi → capillary & interstitial hydrostatic pressures
πc / πi → capillary & interstitial oncotic pressures
σ (s) → reflection coefficient (protein leakiness)
7
Q
What does the reflection coefficient for albumin indicate?
ANSWERS:
It indicates how much a membrane restricts the passage of albumin
across it.
8
Q
What are the rough capillary hydrostatic pressures at the arteriolar
and venous ends of a capillary?
ANSWERS:
Arteriolar: 32 mm Hg
Venous: 15 mm Hg
, NOTE: interstitial hydrostatic pressure ranges from - 2 mm Hg in the
subcutaneous tissue to +6 mm Hg in the brain.
9
Q
How much fluid is returned to the circulation by the lymphatics every
day?
ANSWERS:
2-4 L/day
NOTE: 20 L/day of fluid leaves the capillaries but about 18 L will be
reabsorbed into the capillaries (due to oncotic pressure).
10
Q
List some factors that increase capillary permeability.
ANSWERS:
Substance P
Histamine
IL1, IL4 and IL6 (in inflammatory responses)
Kinins (e.g. bradykinin)
Accumulation of osmotically active substances in interstitial
space
Burns
Acute lung injury
Reperfusion injury
11
Most Recent Exam 2026 Actual Complete Real
Exam 180 Questions And Correct Answers (Verified
Answers) Already Graded A+ |Guaranteed
Success!! Newest Exam | Just Released!!
DR.LASITH RANASINGHE
Review cardiovascular physiology, including cardiac output, vascular
control, blood pressure regulation, and hemodynamics’. (179 cards)
1
Q
List three adaptations that maximize exchange at capillaries.
ANSWERS:
Low velocity (0.05-0.1 cm/s vs. 25 cm/s in the aorta)
Large surface area (6300 m²)
Thin walls
2
Q
List locations of fenestrated capillaries.
ANSWERS:
Glomerulus
Endocrine glands (e.g., thyroid, pituitary)
3
,Q
Where are discontinuous capillaries found?
ANSWERS:
In liver sinusoids.
4
Q
Which factors cause precapillary sphincters to dilate, allowing blood
flow through the capillary bed?
ANSWERS:
Nitric oxide
Decreased PO₂ or increased PCO₂
Elevated temperature
Rising K⁺
Acidosis (e.g., lactate)
Prostacyclin, thromboxane, and endothelins
5
Q
What colloid oncotic pressure is exerted by albumin in the
intravascular space?
ANSWERS:
26 mm Hg
NOTE: interstitial oncotic pressure is around 17 mm Hg
6
,Q
State the Starling equation for capillary fluid dynamics.
ANSWERS:
Q = Kf (Pc−Pi)−σ(πc−πi)
Where:
Q → net fluid movement
Kf (K) → filtration coefficient (permeability × surface area)
Pc / Pi → capillary & interstitial hydrostatic pressures
πc / πi → capillary & interstitial oncotic pressures
σ (s) → reflection coefficient (protein leakiness)
7
Q
What does the reflection coefficient for albumin indicate?
ANSWERS:
It indicates how much a membrane restricts the passage of albumin
across it.
8
Q
What are the rough capillary hydrostatic pressures at the arteriolar
and venous ends of a capillary?
ANSWERS:
Arteriolar: 32 mm Hg
Venous: 15 mm Hg
, NOTE: interstitial hydrostatic pressure ranges from - 2 mm Hg in the
subcutaneous tissue to +6 mm Hg in the brain.
9
Q
How much fluid is returned to the circulation by the lymphatics every
day?
ANSWERS:
2-4 L/day
NOTE: 20 L/day of fluid leaves the capillaries but about 18 L will be
reabsorbed into the capillaries (due to oncotic pressure).
10
Q
List some factors that increase capillary permeability.
ANSWERS:
Substance P
Histamine
IL1, IL4 and IL6 (in inflammatory responses)
Kinins (e.g. bradykinin)
Accumulation of osmotically active substances in interstitial
space
Burns
Acute lung injury
Reperfusion injury
11
