Primary FRCA Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
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213 Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
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Understand drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion,
receptor theory, and anaesthetic drug interactions. (213 cards)
1
Q
Which factors affect drug transfer through the placenta?
ANSWERS
Lipid solubility: More lipid soluble, greater transfer
Ionisation: More ionised, less transfer
Protein binding: More binding, less transfer
pH: Affects ionisation and transfer
Molecular weight: Larger molecules pass less readily.
2
Q
Describe a covalent bond.
ANSWERS
Two atoms share outer shell electrons. The negatively charged
electrons attract both nuclei, overcoming their repulsion, forming a
strong bond.
Occurs between non-metals.
,3
Q
Describe an ionic bond.
ANSWERS
An outer electron is transferred from one atom to another, creating a
negatively charged ion (anion) and a positively charged ion (cation),
resulting in electrostatic attraction.
Occurs between metals and non-metals.
4
Q
What is the rate constant?
ANSWERS
Rate of change in plasma concentration per unit time.
In first-order kinetics, it relates the rate of change of plasma
concentration to the concentration at a given time.
5
Q
What is the time constant?
ANSWERS
Time taken for plasma concentration to reach zero if it continued at
its initial rate.
This is also the time for plasma concentration to reach 1/e (about
37%) of its original value.
6
Q
State the equations that relate half-life to volume of distribution,
clearance, rate constant and time constant.
,ANSWERS
t1/2 = 0.693 x Vd/Cl
t1/2 = 0.693/k
t1/2 = 0.693 x time constant
7
Q
List drugs associated with gynaecomastia.
ANSWERS
Digoxin
Spironolactone
Isoniazid
Cimetidine
8
Q
State the equation linking volume of distribution, target plasma
concentration, and initial dose.
ANSWERS
Loading dose (mg) = target concentration (mg/ml) × volume of
distribution (ml)
9
Q
Which enzyme converts codeine to morphine?
ANSWERS
CYP2D6
10
Q
, Give an example of a drug that is metabolised by red cell esterases.
ANSWERS
Esmolol
11
Q
How do you determine the steady state concentration of a drug using
infusion rate and clearance?
ANSWERS
Steady State Conc = Infusion Rate / Clearance
At steady state, input = output.
Infusion Rate = Elimination Rate
Elimination Rate = Clearance (L/min) × Steady State Conc.
12
Q
Which types of reaction are carried out by the CYP450 system?
ANSWERS
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Dealkylation
Deamination
13
Q
What effect does probenecid have on plasma penicillin levels if
coadministered?
ANSWERS
Exam | Most Recent Exam Actual Complete Real Exam
213 Questions And Correct Answers (Verified Answers)
Already Graded A+ |Guaranteed Success!! Newest Exam
| Just Released!!
Understand drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion,
receptor theory, and anaesthetic drug interactions. (213 cards)
1
Q
Which factors affect drug transfer through the placenta?
ANSWERS
Lipid solubility: More lipid soluble, greater transfer
Ionisation: More ionised, less transfer
Protein binding: More binding, less transfer
pH: Affects ionisation and transfer
Molecular weight: Larger molecules pass less readily.
2
Q
Describe a covalent bond.
ANSWERS
Two atoms share outer shell electrons. The negatively charged
electrons attract both nuclei, overcoming their repulsion, forming a
strong bond.
Occurs between non-metals.
,3
Q
Describe an ionic bond.
ANSWERS
An outer electron is transferred from one atom to another, creating a
negatively charged ion (anion) and a positively charged ion (cation),
resulting in electrostatic attraction.
Occurs between metals and non-metals.
4
Q
What is the rate constant?
ANSWERS
Rate of change in plasma concentration per unit time.
In first-order kinetics, it relates the rate of change of plasma
concentration to the concentration at a given time.
5
Q
What is the time constant?
ANSWERS
Time taken for plasma concentration to reach zero if it continued at
its initial rate.
This is also the time for plasma concentration to reach 1/e (about
37%) of its original value.
6
Q
State the equations that relate half-life to volume of distribution,
clearance, rate constant and time constant.
,ANSWERS
t1/2 = 0.693 x Vd/Cl
t1/2 = 0.693/k
t1/2 = 0.693 x time constant
7
Q
List drugs associated with gynaecomastia.
ANSWERS
Digoxin
Spironolactone
Isoniazid
Cimetidine
8
Q
State the equation linking volume of distribution, target plasma
concentration, and initial dose.
ANSWERS
Loading dose (mg) = target concentration (mg/ml) × volume of
distribution (ml)
9
Q
Which enzyme converts codeine to morphine?
ANSWERS
CYP2D6
10
Q
, Give an example of a drug that is metabolised by red cell esterases.
ANSWERS
Esmolol
11
Q
How do you determine the steady state concentration of a drug using
infusion rate and clearance?
ANSWERS
Steady State Conc = Infusion Rate / Clearance
At steady state, input = output.
Infusion Rate = Elimination Rate
Elimination Rate = Clearance (L/min) × Steady State Conc.
12
Q
Which types of reaction are carried out by the CYP450 system?
ANSWERS
Oxidation
Reduction
Hydrolysis
Dealkylation
Deamination
13
Q
What effect does probenecid have on plasma penicillin levels if
coadministered?
ANSWERS
