NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm Exam (Just Released) Top-
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Asthma
Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma
coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5)
-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth
muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles
smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become
the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles
innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
,lamina propria
the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria
embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria
white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma
the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain
smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do
control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation
When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur?
the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and
pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar
-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma
tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?
These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous
system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma
, the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to
release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of
the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased
airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis
bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at
least 2 successive years
Perfusion
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the
capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion
cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis
there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting
when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and
to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis
-long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early
infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm
birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis
-Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and
Midterm Exam (Just Released) Top-
Ranked Questions and Confirmed
Answers / Get 100% Correct Answers
Asthma
Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma
coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5)
-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth
muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles
smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become
the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles
innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
,lamina propria
the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria
embedded with connective tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria
white blood cells are present to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma
the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain
smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do
control the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation
When air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it should due to
bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur?
the ongoing inflammatory process of asthma produces mucus and
pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar
-expanded thorax and hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma
tiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs?
These drugs block the effects of the parasympathetic nervous
system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma
, the parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to
release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of
the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased
airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis
bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at
least 2 successive years
Perfusion
The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the
capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion
cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis
there is hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting
when blood passes from the right ventricle through the lungs and
to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis
-long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early
infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm
birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis
-Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and
