Classics 2902 Final Exam| Ques ons and answers |
Updated RATED A+ | NEW
Etruscan & Roman History
- 1st millennium BCE: 2 major ethnic groups - Etruscans (indigenous) & La!ns (Indo-European)
- Rome on Tiber River; forming the border between Etruscans & La!ns (6th c BCE)
- Closeness between ethnic groups recounted in Roman histories & origin myths
- IMPORTANT: mixing of cultures & cultural exchange
5th & 4th c BCE: Etruscans lose...
Power to Roman aristocrats (patricians), who form the Republic (2 consuls & Senate)
Internal strife:
Shared government with lower class plebeians (2 tribunes)
Important concept
Conflict; elite vs lower class
Expansion based on:
Expansion based on military successes (on peninsula, then Carthage, Greece and all the rest)
Rise of Rome & Alexander's conquests
By 3rd CE:
Control Greece & western Anatolia; 1st c: Egypt; end of Republic
A:tudes & Relevance for medicine (5)
- Expansion bad
- Pliny & Cato most vocal; Romans grow lax and too fond of luxuries
- IMPORTANT: Greek culture permeated Italy, therefore, medical concepts shared between
Greek, Etruscan & Roman medical cultures
- Illness comes from gods
- Characteriza!ons of Greek gods adopted/ transported to Rome
Religion & Culture
,- Public vs private worship (public gods vs household gods)
- Forms of worship access power over dei!es through ritual ac!ons (do ut des)
- Healing not limited to either sphere: Roman piety = consult all dei!es involved
- Healing can occur among Capitoline dei!es (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva) or private gods
Cosmology
- Etruscans: division of sky into 16 sec!ons (interpreta!on of divine messages)
- Etruscan gods form councils (cf. Mesopotamia)
- "Good to bad" spectrum: east to west
- Romans: division of sky into 4 sec!ons
- Nega!ve to posi!ve: leB to right
Sacrifices & Medicine
Sacrifices = point of contact between human & divine; maintenance of rela!onship
3 basic sacrifice rituals
1) burnt offering for celes!al dei!es
2) blood offering for underworld (chthonic) dei!es
3) liba!on & bloodless sacrifices for ancestors
Blood offering:
Rela!onship between living beings & earth
Etruscan ritual sacrifices influence:
Roman religion & medicine; ra!onalize & accept medical theories/ teachings about blood (e.g.
bloodle:ng as sacrifice)
Healing dei!es (7)
Ascelepius, Aplu, Diana, Hercle, Isis, Tiana, Menrva
EVERY GOD CAN CAUSE & CURE ILLNESS
Ascelepius
Asklepieion (pl. Asklepieia) popular pilgrimage site
Temple on Tiber Island on healing spring (most popular with slaves)
Aplu
, Etruscan version of Apollo
Late Republic: Aplu —> Apollo
Healing aspects of Greek Apollo transferred to Roman version
Name Aplu no longer used
Diana
Etruscan healing goddess —> Artemis
CULTURAL EXCHANGE
Childbirth & general healing
Helleniza!on: loss of childbirth associa!on; general healing deity
Hercle
Hercle —> Herakles (Greek) —> Hercules (Roman)
Healing linked to physical prowess
Military nature of Rome; what it means to be a "manly man"
Isis
Late Republican medical culture (alliance with Ptolemaic Cleopatra)
Increasing popularity; longest las!ng ancient cult
Associa!ons: health & safety
Tinia
Jupiter
Head of parthenon; most influen!al for healing
Divine consent to cause harm (cf. Mesopotamia)
Jupiter associated with childbirth
Tinia births Menrva (Athena) vs Zeus (Jupiter) birthing Athena
Menrva
Etruscan goddess
Later Minerva (Roman) from Athena (goddess of wisdom & technology)
Menrva significant healing role (a ton of vo!ve offerings!)
Development from Etruscan context makes Minerva patron of physicians (Minerva Medica on
coinage)
Philosophy
Hippocrates, Epicurus, Plato, Aristotle influen!al on Roman schools
Methodists, Dogma!sts/ Ra!onalists, & Empiricists (Hellenis!c philosophies)
Updated RATED A+ | NEW
Etruscan & Roman History
- 1st millennium BCE: 2 major ethnic groups - Etruscans (indigenous) & La!ns (Indo-European)
- Rome on Tiber River; forming the border between Etruscans & La!ns (6th c BCE)
- Closeness between ethnic groups recounted in Roman histories & origin myths
- IMPORTANT: mixing of cultures & cultural exchange
5th & 4th c BCE: Etruscans lose...
Power to Roman aristocrats (patricians), who form the Republic (2 consuls & Senate)
Internal strife:
Shared government with lower class plebeians (2 tribunes)
Important concept
Conflict; elite vs lower class
Expansion based on:
Expansion based on military successes (on peninsula, then Carthage, Greece and all the rest)
Rise of Rome & Alexander's conquests
By 3rd CE:
Control Greece & western Anatolia; 1st c: Egypt; end of Republic
A:tudes & Relevance for medicine (5)
- Expansion bad
- Pliny & Cato most vocal; Romans grow lax and too fond of luxuries
- IMPORTANT: Greek culture permeated Italy, therefore, medical concepts shared between
Greek, Etruscan & Roman medical cultures
- Illness comes from gods
- Characteriza!ons of Greek gods adopted/ transported to Rome
Religion & Culture
,- Public vs private worship (public gods vs household gods)
- Forms of worship access power over dei!es through ritual ac!ons (do ut des)
- Healing not limited to either sphere: Roman piety = consult all dei!es involved
- Healing can occur among Capitoline dei!es (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva) or private gods
Cosmology
- Etruscans: division of sky into 16 sec!ons (interpreta!on of divine messages)
- Etruscan gods form councils (cf. Mesopotamia)
- "Good to bad" spectrum: east to west
- Romans: division of sky into 4 sec!ons
- Nega!ve to posi!ve: leB to right
Sacrifices & Medicine
Sacrifices = point of contact between human & divine; maintenance of rela!onship
3 basic sacrifice rituals
1) burnt offering for celes!al dei!es
2) blood offering for underworld (chthonic) dei!es
3) liba!on & bloodless sacrifices for ancestors
Blood offering:
Rela!onship between living beings & earth
Etruscan ritual sacrifices influence:
Roman religion & medicine; ra!onalize & accept medical theories/ teachings about blood (e.g.
bloodle:ng as sacrifice)
Healing dei!es (7)
Ascelepius, Aplu, Diana, Hercle, Isis, Tiana, Menrva
EVERY GOD CAN CAUSE & CURE ILLNESS
Ascelepius
Asklepieion (pl. Asklepieia) popular pilgrimage site
Temple on Tiber Island on healing spring (most popular with slaves)
Aplu
, Etruscan version of Apollo
Late Republic: Aplu —> Apollo
Healing aspects of Greek Apollo transferred to Roman version
Name Aplu no longer used
Diana
Etruscan healing goddess —> Artemis
CULTURAL EXCHANGE
Childbirth & general healing
Helleniza!on: loss of childbirth associa!on; general healing deity
Hercle
Hercle —> Herakles (Greek) —> Hercules (Roman)
Healing linked to physical prowess
Military nature of Rome; what it means to be a "manly man"
Isis
Late Republican medical culture (alliance with Ptolemaic Cleopatra)
Increasing popularity; longest las!ng ancient cult
Associa!ons: health & safety
Tinia
Jupiter
Head of parthenon; most influen!al for healing
Divine consent to cause harm (cf. Mesopotamia)
Jupiter associated with childbirth
Tinia births Menrva (Athena) vs Zeus (Jupiter) birthing Athena
Menrva
Etruscan goddess
Later Minerva (Roman) from Athena (goddess of wisdom & technology)
Menrva significant healing role (a ton of vo!ve offerings!)
Development from Etruscan context makes Minerva patron of physicians (Minerva Medica on
coinage)
Philosophy
Hippocrates, Epicurus, Plato, Aristotle influen!al on Roman schools
Methodists, Dogma!sts/ Ra!onalists, & Empiricists (Hellenis!c philosophies)
