Nutrition PCC exam questions with detailed correct answers.

food security - correct answers means that all household members have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle; sufficient food is available on a consistent basis; and the household has resources to obtain appropriate food for a nutritious diet. basal metabolic rate - correct answers the energy needed to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific period of time at rest resting energy expenditure - correct answers the amount of energy that an individual needs to consume over a 24-hour period for the body to maintain all of its internal working activities while at rest nutrients - correct answers are the elements needed for body processes and functions. Ingestion of a diet balanced with carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals provides the essential nutrients to carry out normal physiological functioning of the body throughout the life span. fats - correct answers are the most calorie-dense nutrients, providing 9 kcal/g. and are composed of triglycerides and fatty acids. carbohydrates - correct answers produces 4 kcal and is the main source of fuel, ingestion is best if supplied by complex carbs. Fiber is a polysaccharide that is the structural part of plants not broken down by human digestive enzymes. Simple are monosaccharides and disaccharides. Polysaccharides such as glycogen are made up of many carbohydrate units; they are complex . high nutrient density - correct answers fruits and vegetables provide a large number of nutrients in relationship to kilocalories low nutrient density - correct answers nutrient dense foods such as alcohol or sugar are high in kilocalories but nutrient poor. proteins - correct answers source of energy of 4 kcal/g and are essential for tissue growth, maintenance, and repair. The simplest form is an amino acid. The body does not synthesize indispensable amino acids; thus they need to be provided in the diet. The body synthesizes dispensable amino acids water - correct answers Water is critical because cell function depends on a fluid environment. vitamins - correct answers organic substances present in small amounts in foods that are essential to normal metabolism. Fat-soluble : A, D, E, K. Water-soluble: C and B complex. minerals - correct answers inorganic elements essential to the body as catalysts in biochemical reactions. We need 100 mg or more daily of macrominerals and 100 mg or less of trace elements. digestion - correct answers begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestines; causes food to break down to simplest form for absorption, mainly in the small intestines. Ingestion is the taking in of food. absorption - correct answers intestine is primary area for it; uses the processes of active transport, passive diffusion, osmosis, and pinocytosis. enzymes - correct answers are the catalysts that speed up chemical reactions. Food moves through the GI tract through peristalsis, or wavelike muscular contractions. The food mass in liquefied form is called chyme. metabolism - correct answers refers to all of the biochemical reactions within the cells of the body catabolism - correct answers is the breakdown of biochemical substances into simpler substances; it occurs during physiological states of negative nitrogen balance anabolism - correct answers is the building of more complex biochemical substances through synthesis of nutrients. elimination - correct answers chyme is moved through peristalsis and is changed into feces dietary reference intake - correct answers Acceptable range of quantities of vitamins and minerals for each gender and age group Estimated average requirement - correct answers amount of nutrient that appears sufficient to maintain a specific body function for 50% of population based on age and gender 2. Recommended dietary allowance - correct answers average needs of 98% of population, not exact needs of an individual adequate intake - correct answers suggested intake for individuals based on observed or experimentally determined estimates of nutrient intakes used when not enough evidence to set RDA tolerable upper intake level - correct answers highest level that poses no risk of adverse health events. vegans - correct answers lack complete proteins in single foods, although they can use complementary proteins from two or more foods to get all the amino acids. Knowledge of complementary proteins is necessary. They are at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency because it is available only from animal sources. Children who follow a vegetarian diet are especially at risk for protein and vitamin deficiencies such as vitamin B12. Zen macrobiotic - correct answers consist primarily of brown rice, other grains, and herb teas. Zen macrobiotic and fruitarian diets are nutrient poor and frequently result in malnutrition ovolactovegetarian - correct answers avoids meat, fish, and poultry, but eats eggs and milk lactovegetarian - correct answers drinks milk but avoids eggs fruitarian - correct answers consumes fruit, nuts, honey, and olive oil) antrhopometry - correct answers a measurement system of the size and makeup of the body. diet history - correct answers focuses on a patient's habitual intake of foods and liquids and includes information about preferences, allergies, and other relevant topics such as the patient's ability to obtain food. Gather information about the patient's illness/activity level to determine energy needs and compare food intake. dysphagia - correct answers leads to disability or decreased functional status, increased length of stay and cost of care, increased likelihood of discharge to institutionalized care, and increased mortality. enteral nutrition - correct answers provides nutrients into the GI tract. It is physiological, safe, and economical nutritional support.Nasogastric, jejunal, or gastric tubes, Surgical or endoscopic placement, risk for aspiration surgical placement - correct answers gical or endoscopic placement, Nasointestinal Gastrostomy, Jejunostomy, PEG (percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy), PEJ (percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy) polymeric formula - correct answers milk-based, blenderized; the patient's gastrointestinal tract needs to be able to absorb whole nutrients modular formula - correct answers single-macronutrient (protein, glucose, polymers, or lipids) formulas are added to other foods to meet patients' needs elemental formula - correct answers predigested nutrients, easier for partially dysfunctional gastrointestinal tract to absorb specialty formula - correct answers designed to meet specific nutritional needs in certain illnesses parenteral nutrition - correct answers nutrients are provided intravenously., Patients unable to digest or absorb enteral nutrition or are in highly stressed physiological states, Peripheral or central line, Initiating parenteral nutrition, Preventing complications medical nutrition therapy - correct answers Specific nutritional therapy usage for treating illness, injury, or a certain condition; Necessary for: Metabolizing certain nutrients, Correcting nutritional deficiencies, Eliminating foods that worsen disease states; Most effective with collaborative health care team and dietitian gastrointestinal diseases - correct answers peptic ulcer etiology, peptic ulcer treatments, irritable bowel syndrome peptic ulcer etiology - correct answers Helicobacter pylori, Stress, Acid overproduction peptic ulcer treatments - correct answers Avoid caffeine.,Avoid spicy foods., Avoid aspirin, NSAIDs. Consume small, frequent meals. inflamatory bowel disease - correct answers Crohn's and idiopathic ulcerative colitis: Elemental diets, Parenteral nutrition, Vitamins and iron supplements Fiber increase, Fat reduction, Large meal avoidance, Lactose and sorbitol avoidance elemental diets - correct answers formulas with nutrients in their simplest form ready for absorption. Malabsorption syndromes - correct answers celiac disease, short bowel syndrome, and diverticulitis celiac disease - correct answers gluten free diet gluten - correct answers contained in wheat, rye, barley, and oats. short bowel syndrome - correct answers Intestinal surface decrease, Lifetime EN or PN diverticulitsi - correct answers inflammation of diverticula, Low- to moderate-residue diet for infection, High-fiber diet for chronic conditions Diabetes - correct answers a disease that is focused intensely on diet and exercise with requirements limiting carbohydrate intake. Monitoring carbohydrate consumption is a key strategy in achieving glycemic control.