PCC Exam 1: Nutrition Complete Questions With 100% Verified Answers

the science of optimal cellular metabolism and its impact on health and disease - correct answers nutrition macronutrients - correct answers kilocalorie containing sources of carbohydrates, protein and fats micronutrients - correct answers vitamins and minerals (fluoride, selenium, copper, zinc) plant compounds that promote health through antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties (ex- lutein (green veggies), lycopene from tomatoes) - correct answers phytochemicals a suboptimal state with either insufficient or excessive quantity or quality of macronutrients or micronutrients - correct answers malnutrition loss of muscle mass and strength - correct answers sarcopenia generalized edema characterized by fluid overload often due to low albumin levels - correct answers anasarca food security - correct answers all members of a family have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food on a consistent basis proportion of essential nutrients to the number of kilocalories - correct answers nutrient density how does age affect nutrition? - correct answers young - premies have impaired intake, young infants parents may not understand diet needs elderly - multiple meds (altered taste, xerostomia - dry mouth) changes in body function (gut starts to slow down) social isolation institutional feeding practices malnutrition can set in with a BMI of ______ or less - correct answers 18.5 individuals of color have more frequent - correct answers vitamin D deficiency what are common diseases in minority populations? - correct answers obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes how do genetics affect nutrition? - correct answers -deficiency in enzymes (phenylketonuria) -PKU -cystic fibrosis, etc. how does impaired oral intake affect nutrition? - correct answers cleft palate, dysphagia, psychological reasons for limited food intake (anorexia) how does impaired digestion affect nutrition? - correct answers lactose intolerance, gastroparesis (slowed peristalsis), gastric resection, inadequate stomach acidity related to excessive antacid use contributing to vit B12 deficiency disorders of metabolism - correct answers increase metabolic rate and consequently need more calories malabsorption issues celiac disease BMR definition - correct answers energy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific amount of time resting energy expenditure - correct answers amount of energy needed to consume over 24-hour period for the body to maintain internal working activities while at rest nutrients definition - correct answers energy necessary for the normal function of numerous body processes what factors affect energy requirements - correct answers age, body mass, gender, fever, starvation, menstruation, illness, injury, infection, activity level, and thyroid function what factors affect metabolism - correct answers illness, pregnancy, lactation, and activity level nutrient density - correct answers the proportion of essential nutrients to the number of kilocalories what are a main source of energy? - correct answers carbohydrates Give examples of monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and disaccharides - correct answers mono: glucose, fructose, galactose, dextrose di: sucrose, lactose poly: glycogen, fiber, starch proteins are essential for... - correct answers growth, maintenance and repair of body tissue what is nitrogen balance? - correct answers The difference between nitrogen intake and loss. if we take in more nitrogen than we lose, we are in positive nitrogen balance which is required for normal pregnancy, wound healing, and maintenance of lean muscle mass. negative nitrogen balance happens with infection, starvation, head injury, burns, trauma, etc. dispensable vs indispensable amino acids - correct answers dispensable - our body synthesizes these (alanine, asparagine, glutamic acid) indispensable - we need these from our diet (histidine, lysine, phenylalanine HeLP) amino acids are - correct answers proteins what is the worst fat? - correct answers trans fat (our body has no use for it) What are good fats? - correct answers monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats, ex: oils, liquid at room temperature monounsaturated fats examples - correct answers canola, peanut, olive oils, avocados, some nuts and seeds polyunsaturated fats examples - correct answers sunflower, corn, soybean, and flaxseed oils, walnuts, fish unsaturated fats may improve - correct answers cholesterol levels, ease inflammation, and stabilize heart rhythms saturated fats examples - correct answers meat, seafood, poultry with skin, whole milk, coconut and coconut oil, palm oil, palm kernel oil trans fats raise _______ and lower_____ - correct answers LDL (bad), HDL (good) What is the only essential fatty acid in humans? - correct answers linoleic acid (unsaturated fatty acid) all cell function depends on a fluid environment - correct answers water vitamins are essential for - correct answers metabolism water soluble vitamins - correct answers B vitamins and vitamin C, not stored, easily digested fat soluble vitamins - correct answers A, D, E, K stored in fat antioxidant vitamins - correct answers A, C, E can get rid of free radicals minerals are - correct answers catalysts for enzymatic reactions macrominerals vs microminerals - correct answers • Macrominerals: minerals needed in larger amounts (more than 100mg/d) • Microminerals: minerals needed in trace amounts (less than 100mg/d) nerve stimulation from the _______________ nervous system increases GI function - correct answers parasympathetic (vagus nerve) chief cells - correct answers secrete pepsinogen parietal cells - correct answers secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (B12) small intestine is primary absorption site for - correct answers nutrients absorption of carbohydrates, protein, minerals, and water soluble vitamins occurs in - correct answers small intestine how much water is absorbed in small intestine? - correct answers 85-90% anabolism - correct answers the building up of body cells and substances from nutrients (gluconeogenesis) catabolism - correct answers breaking down (glucogenolysis) where is protein stored - correct answers muscles normal metabolism and anabolism is possible when the body is in - cor