Biol 180 Midterm 2 questions and answers 2026\2027 A+ Grade
Standard error of mean (SEM)
- correct answer SD/sqrt(sample size)
Chi-squared test
- correct answer compares two categorical values under the null hypothesis
T-test
- correct answer determines if there is a significant difference between average values of two groups
Regression and Correlation
- correct answer analyzes if there is a relationship (positive/negative/none) between two variables
P-value
- correct answer probability of randomly observing values at least as extreme as the ones you observed
in the experiment. P<0.05 is stat signifigant.
4 Evolutionary processes
- correct answer Natural selection, Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation
Natural selection as an evolutionary process
- correct answer Increases fqcy of certain alleles that increase fitness in a given environment.
Genetic drift as an evolutionary process
- correct answer causes random changes in allele frequency, can decrease fitness of a population.
, Gene flow as an evolutionary process
- correct answer migration between populations, increasing genetic diversity in populations but making
different populations similar to each other.
Mutation as evolutionary process
- correct answer changes allele frequency by adding new alleles--can be beneficial, deleterious, or
neutral
Hardy-Weinberg principle
- correct answer if evolution is not occurring (random mating; no drift, selection, flow, or mutation),
then allele frequencies will remain constant over many generations (p2+2pq+q2=1)
Population
- correct answer group of individuals of the same species alive in the same time in the same place.
Gene pool
- correct answer hypothetical scenario combining all the gametes produced from all the individuals in a
population
Inbreeding
- correct answer mating between relatives--leads to decreased genotypic diversity (more homozygotes)
but same allele fqcy **does not cause evolution bc alleles stay same**
Inbreeding depression
- correct answer decline in average fitness that takes place when homozygosity increases (more
homozygous-recessive, loss-of-function, deleterious genotypes)
Sexual selection
- correct answer when one partner in a mating actively chooses the other individual--a form of natural
selection
Genetic variation
- correct answer number and relative frequency of alleles that are present in a population
Standard error of mean (SEM)
- correct answer SD/sqrt(sample size)
Chi-squared test
- correct answer compares two categorical values under the null hypothesis
T-test
- correct answer determines if there is a significant difference between average values of two groups
Regression and Correlation
- correct answer analyzes if there is a relationship (positive/negative/none) between two variables
P-value
- correct answer probability of randomly observing values at least as extreme as the ones you observed
in the experiment. P<0.05 is stat signifigant.
4 Evolutionary processes
- correct answer Natural selection, Genetic drift, gene flow, mutation
Natural selection as an evolutionary process
- correct answer Increases fqcy of certain alleles that increase fitness in a given environment.
Genetic drift as an evolutionary process
- correct answer causes random changes in allele frequency, can decrease fitness of a population.
, Gene flow as an evolutionary process
- correct answer migration between populations, increasing genetic diversity in populations but making
different populations similar to each other.
Mutation as evolutionary process
- correct answer changes allele frequency by adding new alleles--can be beneficial, deleterious, or
neutral
Hardy-Weinberg principle
- correct answer if evolution is not occurring (random mating; no drift, selection, flow, or mutation),
then allele frequencies will remain constant over many generations (p2+2pq+q2=1)
Population
- correct answer group of individuals of the same species alive in the same time in the same place.
Gene pool
- correct answer hypothetical scenario combining all the gametes produced from all the individuals in a
population
Inbreeding
- correct answer mating between relatives--leads to decreased genotypic diversity (more homozygotes)
but same allele fqcy **does not cause evolution bc alleles stay same**
Inbreeding depression
- correct answer decline in average fitness that takes place when homozygosity increases (more
homozygous-recessive, loss-of-function, deleterious genotypes)
Sexual selection
- correct answer when one partner in a mating actively chooses the other individual--a form of natural
selection
Genetic variation
- correct answer number and relative frequency of alleles that are present in a population
