PSY 225 Chapters 8–19 – Study Guide, Revision Notes, and Practice Questions for
Exam Preparation
psychosocial development - ✔✔According to Erikson, development that encompasses changes
both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their
comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior
initiative-versus-guilt stage - ✔✔according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3
to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative
results of that action
self-concept - ✔✔a person's identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
collectivistic orientation - ✔✔a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence
individualistic orientation - ✔✔a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the
uniqueness of the individual
race dissonance - ✔✔the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for
majority values or people
identification - ✔✔the process through which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex
parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values
gender identity - ✔✔the perception of oneself as male or female
gender schema - ✔✔a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender
,gender constancy - ✔✔the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on
fixed, unchangeable biological factors
androgynous - ✔✔a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics though typical of
both sexes
functional play - ✔✔play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds
constructive play - ✔✔play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build
something
parallel play - ✔✔action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do
not interact with each other
onlooker play - ✔✔action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually
participate themselves
associative play - ✔✔play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by
sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing
cooperative play - ✔✔play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns,
playing games, or devising contests
authoritarian parents - ✔✔parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose
word is law
permissive parents - ✔✔parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little
of their children
, authoritative parents - ✔✔parents who are firm, set clear and consistent limits, but who try to
reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way
uninvolved parents - ✔✔parents who show almost no interest in their children and display
indifferent, rejecting behavior
cycle of violence hypothesis - ✔✔the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer
predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
psychological maltreatment - ✔✔abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm
children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning
resilience - ✔✔the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for
psychological or physical damage
which of the following is most likely to do well in their understanding of what is happening
during the false belief task? - ✔✔a 4-year-old without autism spectrum disorder
moral development - ✔✔the changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right and
wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues
according to piaget, what is the earliest stage of moral development that begins in the
preschool years? - ✔✔heteronomous morality stage
according to the social learning approach to morality, which people are children the most likely
to imitate? - ✔✔people whose prosocial behaviors are punished
which evidence is used by advocates of the genetic approach to morality? - ✔✔preschoolers
who engage more selfishly are more likely to have a specific gene variation
Exam Preparation
psychosocial development - ✔✔According to Erikson, development that encompasses changes
both in the understandings individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their
comprehension of the meaning of others' behavior
initiative-versus-guilt stage - ✔✔according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3
to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative
results of that action
self-concept - ✔✔a person's identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual
collectivistic orientation - ✔✔a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence
individualistic orientation - ✔✔a philosophy that emphasizes personal identity and the
uniqueness of the individual
race dissonance - ✔✔the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for
majority values or people
identification - ✔✔the process through which children attempt to be similar to their same-sex
parent, incorporating the parent's attitudes and values
gender identity - ✔✔the perception of oneself as male or female
gender schema - ✔✔a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender
,gender constancy - ✔✔the belief that people are permanently males or females, depending on
fixed, unchangeable biological factors
androgynous - ✔✔a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics though typical of
both sexes
functional play - ✔✔play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds
constructive play - ✔✔play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build
something
parallel play - ✔✔action in which children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do
not interact with each other
onlooker play - ✔✔action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually
participate themselves
associative play - ✔✔play in which two or more children actually interact with one another by
sharing or borrowing toys or materials, although they do not do the same thing
cooperative play - ✔✔play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns,
playing games, or devising contests
authoritarian parents - ✔✔parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose
word is law
permissive parents - ✔✔parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little
of their children
, authoritative parents - ✔✔parents who are firm, set clear and consistent limits, but who try to
reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way
uninvolved parents - ✔✔parents who show almost no interest in their children and display
indifferent, rejecting behavior
cycle of violence hypothesis - ✔✔the theory that the abuse and neglect that children suffer
predispose them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
psychological maltreatment - ✔✔abuse that occurs when parents or other caregivers harm
children's behavioral, cognitive, emotional, or physical functioning
resilience - ✔✔the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for
psychological or physical damage
which of the following is most likely to do well in their understanding of what is happening
during the false belief task? - ✔✔a 4-year-old without autism spectrum disorder
moral development - ✔✔the changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right and
wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues
according to piaget, what is the earliest stage of moral development that begins in the
preschool years? - ✔✔heteronomous morality stage
according to the social learning approach to morality, which people are children the most likely
to imitate? - ✔✔people whose prosocial behaviors are punished
which evidence is used by advocates of the genetic approach to morality? - ✔✔preschoolers
who engage more selfishly are more likely to have a specific gene variation
