BME 5050 Exam 3 – Study Guide, Revision Notes, and
Practice Questions for Exam Preparation
radiation - ✔✔energy traveling through space, the process of emitting energy in the form of
waves or particles
ionizing radiation - ✔✔contains sufficient energy to break chemical bonds by removing an
electron from an atom and create ions
x-rays, gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles, neutron particles - ✔✔5 types ionizing
radiation
healthcare, research, nuclear facilities - ✔✔3 places ionizing radiation can be found
breaks DNA bonds - ✔✔what does radiation affect in body?
stochastic and non-stochastic - ✔✔2 health effects ionizing radiation
stochastic effect - ✔✔1."Stochastic effect" is associated with long term and low level (chronic)
exposure to
radiation. This chronic exposure can lead to cancer and genetic mutations.
non-stochastic effect - ✔✔stochastic effect" is associated with short term and high level
(acute) exposure to
radiation. The acute health effects include burns and radiation sickness. Radiation sickness
is also called "radiation poisoning." This can cause premature aging or even death. The
symptoms of radiation sickness include: nausea, hair loss, skin burns, weakness, cataract or
,diminished organ function. Patients who receive radiation treatments often experience
these acute effects. It is sometimes called deterministic effect.
ICRP - ✔✔ICRP was established in 1928 at the second
International Congress of Radiology to
respond to growing concerns about the
effects of ionizing radiation being observed
in the medical community.
•
Eventually restructured to better take
account of uses of radiation outside the
medical area.
•
Evaluates information on biologic effects of
radiation and provides radiation protection
guidance through general recommendations
on occupational and public dose limits.
NCRP - ✔✔Chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1964.
•
It collects, analyzes, develops and
disseminates in the public interest
information and recommendations about
radiation protection, radiation
measurements, quantities and units,
particularly those concerned with radiation
,protection.
•
It publishes reports related to radiation
protection.
NRC - ✔✔Oversees the nuclear energy industry
•
Enforces radiation protection standards.
•
Publishes its rules and regulations in Title
10 CFR
•
Requires procedures and engineering
controls to achieve doses that are "as low
as is reasonably achievable" ( ALARA ).
•
Agreement States (under agreement with
NRC) to enforce their own protection
regulations through respective health
department
EPA - ✔✔Facilitates the development and
enforcement of regulations
pertaining to the control of radiation
in the environment and installation
of structural shielding for facilities
, that use x rays for medical imaging.
CFR - ✔✔a)
Each licensee shall develop, document, and implement a radiation protection program
commensurate with the scope and extent of licensed activities and sufficient to ensure
compliance with the provisions of this part.
b)
The licensee shall use, to the extent practical, procedures and engineering controls based
upon sound radiation protection principles to achieve occupational doses and doses to
members of the public that are as low as is reasonably achievable ( ALARA
c)
The licensee shall periodically (at least annually) review the radiation protection program
content and implementation.
d)
Specific ALARA requirements
CDRH (FDA) - ✔✔•
Manufacturers design products that are safe.
•
Users are aware of how to appropriately use
radiation emitting electronic products, and are
able to understand radiation safety and
protection principles.
•
Patients and consumers are aware of basic
radiation risk and protection concepts and
Practice Questions for Exam Preparation
radiation - ✔✔energy traveling through space, the process of emitting energy in the form of
waves or particles
ionizing radiation - ✔✔contains sufficient energy to break chemical bonds by removing an
electron from an atom and create ions
x-rays, gamma rays, beta particles, alpha particles, neutron particles - ✔✔5 types ionizing
radiation
healthcare, research, nuclear facilities - ✔✔3 places ionizing radiation can be found
breaks DNA bonds - ✔✔what does radiation affect in body?
stochastic and non-stochastic - ✔✔2 health effects ionizing radiation
stochastic effect - ✔✔1."Stochastic effect" is associated with long term and low level (chronic)
exposure to
radiation. This chronic exposure can lead to cancer and genetic mutations.
non-stochastic effect - ✔✔stochastic effect" is associated with short term and high level
(acute) exposure to
radiation. The acute health effects include burns and radiation sickness. Radiation sickness
is also called "radiation poisoning." This can cause premature aging or even death. The
symptoms of radiation sickness include: nausea, hair loss, skin burns, weakness, cataract or
,diminished organ function. Patients who receive radiation treatments often experience
these acute effects. It is sometimes called deterministic effect.
ICRP - ✔✔ICRP was established in 1928 at the second
International Congress of Radiology to
respond to growing concerns about the
effects of ionizing radiation being observed
in the medical community.
•
Eventually restructured to better take
account of uses of radiation outside the
medical area.
•
Evaluates information on biologic effects of
radiation and provides radiation protection
guidance through general recommendations
on occupational and public dose limits.
NCRP - ✔✔Chartered by the U.S. Congress in 1964.
•
It collects, analyzes, develops and
disseminates in the public interest
information and recommendations about
radiation protection, radiation
measurements, quantities and units,
particularly those concerned with radiation
,protection.
•
It publishes reports related to radiation
protection.
NRC - ✔✔Oversees the nuclear energy industry
•
Enforces radiation protection standards.
•
Publishes its rules and regulations in Title
10 CFR
•
Requires procedures and engineering
controls to achieve doses that are "as low
as is reasonably achievable" ( ALARA ).
•
Agreement States (under agreement with
NRC) to enforce their own protection
regulations through respective health
department
EPA - ✔✔Facilitates the development and
enforcement of regulations
pertaining to the control of radiation
in the environment and installation
of structural shielding for facilities
, that use x rays for medical imaging.
CFR - ✔✔a)
Each licensee shall develop, document, and implement a radiation protection program
commensurate with the scope and extent of licensed activities and sufficient to ensure
compliance with the provisions of this part.
b)
The licensee shall use, to the extent practical, procedures and engineering controls based
upon sound radiation protection principles to achieve occupational doses and doses to
members of the public that are as low as is reasonably achievable ( ALARA
c)
The licensee shall periodically (at least annually) review the radiation protection program
content and implementation.
d)
Specific ALARA requirements
CDRH (FDA) - ✔✔•
Manufacturers design products that are safe.
•
Users are aware of how to appropriately use
radiation emitting electronic products, and are
able to understand radiation safety and
protection principles.
•
Patients and consumers are aware of basic
radiation risk and protection concepts and
