PNA 100 Test 4 Questions With Correct
Answers
Describe the functions of blood - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Blood is a liquid
| | | | | | | | | | |
connective tissue that has 3 general functions: transportation, regulation, and
| | | | | | | | | |
protection.
Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes.
| | | | | | | | |
Regulation of pH, body temperature, and water content of cells.
| | | | | | | | |
Protection against blood loss through clotting, and against disease through
| | | | | | | | | |
phagocytic white blood cells and proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and
| | | | | | | | | | |
complement.
Describe the functions, components and formation of whole blood (RBC, WBC &
| | | | | | | | | | | |
PLT) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Blood is denser and more viscous (thicker) than
| | | | | | | | | | |
water. The temperature is about 38˚C (100.4˚F), and a pH ranging from 7.35 and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
7.45. Blood constitutes about 8% of body weight and 4-5 litres in an average
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
adult male. |
Whole blood is composed of two portions:
| | | | | |
Blood plasma - a liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances.
| | | | | | | | | |
Formed elements - which are cells (red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
cells or leukocytes, and platelets) and cell fragments.
| | | | | | |
Hemopoiesis, the formation of blood cells from pluripotent stem cells, occurs in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
red bone marrow.Summary of Formed Elements:
| | | | |
Red blood cells (RBC's or erythrocytes): 4.8-5.4 million/ μL
| | | | | | | |
,White blood cells (WBC's or leukocytes): 5000-10,000/ μL
| | | | | | |
Granular leukocytes |
Neutrophil: 60-70% of all WBC's | | | |
Eosinophils: 2-4% |
Basophils: 0.5-1% |
Agranular leukocytes |
T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells: 20-25%
| | | | | | | |
Monocytes: 3-8% |
Platelets: 150,000-400,000/ μL | |
Red blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave discs without nuclei that contain
| | | | | | | | | | |
hemoglobin. The function of the hemoglobin in red blood cells is to transport
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
oxygen.
RBC Life cycle - Red blood cells live about 120 days. After phagocytosis of aged
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
red blood cells by macrophages, hemoglobin is recycled.
| | | | | | |
Erythropoiesis - is RBC formation and occurs in adult red bone marrow. It is | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
stimulated by hypoxia, which stimulates release of erythropoietin by the kidneys.
| | | | | | | | | | |
A reticulocyte count is a diagnostic test that indicates the rate of erythropoiesis.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
White blood cells (WBCs) are nucleated cells.
| | | | | |
WBC's are classified as either granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,
| | | | | | | | |
basophils) or agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes).
| | | | | |
WBC function is to combat inflammation and infection.
| | | | | | |
Neutrophils respond first to bacterial invasion and then macrophages (which
| | | | | | | | | |
develop from monocytes) do so through phagocytosis.
| | | | | |
Eosinophils comb |
, Explain hemostasis and describe ways the body responds to limit blood loss -
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Hemostasis is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding
| | | | | | | | |
when blood vessels are injured.
| | | | |
The hemostatic response must be quick, localized to the region of damage, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
carefully controlled. Three mechanisms can reduce loss of blood from blood
| | | | | | | | | | |
vessels: (1) vascular spasm, (2) platelet plug formation, and (3) blood clotting
| | | | | | | | | | | |
(coagulation).
Blood clotting involves a series of reactions that may be divided into three stages:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
(1) formation of prothrombinase, (2) conversion of prothrombin into thrombin,
| | | | | | | | | | |
and (3) thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
| | | | | | | |
Once a blood clot is formed, it plugs the ruptured area of the blood vessel and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
thus stops blood loss. Clot retraction is the consolidation or tightening of the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
fibrin clot. |
As the blood clot retracts, it pulls the edges of the damaged vessel closer
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
together, decreasing the risk of further damage. Permanent repair of the blood
| | | | | | | | | | | |
vessel can then take place.
| | | |
Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called thrombosis. A thrombus that moves
| | | | | | | | | | | |
from its site of origin is called an embolus.
| | | | | | | | |
Anticoagulants (for example, heparin) prevent clotting. | | | | |
Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The surfaces of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
red blood cells contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens
| | | | | | | | | |
composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins. | | | |
The ABO blood group is based on two antigens called A and B, these determine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
blood type. |
Blood plasma contains antibodies or agglutinins that react with the A or B
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
antigens if mixed. These are anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies.
| | | | | | | | |
Answers
Describe the functions of blood - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Blood is a liquid
| | | | | | | | | | |
connective tissue that has 3 general functions: transportation, regulation, and
| | | | | | | | | |
protection.
Transportation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat, and wastes.
| | | | | | | | |
Regulation of pH, body temperature, and water content of cells.
| | | | | | | | |
Protection against blood loss through clotting, and against disease through
| | | | | | | | | |
phagocytic white blood cells and proteins such as antibodies, interferons, and
| | | | | | | | | | |
complement.
Describe the functions, components and formation of whole blood (RBC, WBC &
| | | | | | | | | | | |
PLT) - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Blood is denser and more viscous (thicker) than
| | | | | | | | | | |
water. The temperature is about 38˚C (100.4˚F), and a pH ranging from 7.35 and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
7.45. Blood constitutes about 8% of body weight and 4-5 litres in an average
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
adult male. |
Whole blood is composed of two portions:
| | | | | |
Blood plasma - a liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances.
| | | | | | | | | |
Formed elements - which are cells (red blood cells or erythrocytes, white blood
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
cells or leukocytes, and platelets) and cell fragments.
| | | | | | |
Hemopoiesis, the formation of blood cells from pluripotent stem cells, occurs in
| | | | | | | | | | | |
red bone marrow.Summary of Formed Elements:
| | | | |
Red blood cells (RBC's or erythrocytes): 4.8-5.4 million/ μL
| | | | | | | |
,White blood cells (WBC's or leukocytes): 5000-10,000/ μL
| | | | | | |
Granular leukocytes |
Neutrophil: 60-70% of all WBC's | | | |
Eosinophils: 2-4% |
Basophils: 0.5-1% |
Agranular leukocytes |
T and B lymphocytes and natural killer cells: 20-25%
| | | | | | | |
Monocytes: 3-8% |
Platelets: 150,000-400,000/ μL | |
Red blood cells (RBCs) are biconcave discs without nuclei that contain
| | | | | | | | | | |
hemoglobin. The function of the hemoglobin in red blood cells is to transport
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
oxygen.
RBC Life cycle - Red blood cells live about 120 days. After phagocytosis of aged
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
red blood cells by macrophages, hemoglobin is recycled.
| | | | | | |
Erythropoiesis - is RBC formation and occurs in adult red bone marrow. It is | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
stimulated by hypoxia, which stimulates release of erythropoietin by the kidneys.
| | | | | | | | | | |
A reticulocyte count is a diagnostic test that indicates the rate of erythropoiesis.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
White blood cells (WBCs) are nucleated cells.
| | | | | |
WBC's are classified as either granular leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils,
| | | | | | | | |
basophils) or agranular leukocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes).
| | | | | |
WBC function is to combat inflammation and infection.
| | | | | | |
Neutrophils respond first to bacterial invasion and then macrophages (which
| | | | | | | | | |
develop from monocytes) do so through phagocytosis.
| | | | | |
Eosinophils comb |
, Explain hemostasis and describe ways the body responds to limit blood loss -
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-Hemostasis is a sequence of responses that stops bleeding
| | | | | | | | |
when blood vessels are injured.
| | | | |
The hemostatic response must be quick, localized to the region of damage, and
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
carefully controlled. Three mechanisms can reduce loss of blood from blood
| | | | | | | | | | |
vessels: (1) vascular spasm, (2) platelet plug formation, and (3) blood clotting
| | | | | | | | | | | |
(coagulation).
Blood clotting involves a series of reactions that may be divided into three stages:
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
(1) formation of prothrombinase, (2) conversion of prothrombin into thrombin,
| | | | | | | | | | |
and (3) thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
| | | | | | | |
Once a blood clot is formed, it plugs the ruptured area of the blood vessel and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
thus stops blood loss. Clot retraction is the consolidation or tightening of the
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
fibrin clot. |
As the blood clot retracts, it pulls the edges of the damaged vessel closer
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
together, decreasing the risk of further damage. Permanent repair of the blood
| | | | | | | | | | | |
vessel can then take place.
| | | |
Clotting in an unbroken blood vessel is called thrombosis. A thrombus that moves
| | | | | | | | | | | |
from its site of origin is called an embolus.
| | | | | | | | |
Anticoagulants (for example, heparin) prevent clotting. | | | | |
Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups - CORRECT ANSWER✔✔-The surfaces of
| | | | | | | | | | | |
red blood cells contain a genetically determined assortment of antigens
| | | | | | | | | |
composed of glycolipids and glycoproteins. | | | |
The ABO blood group is based on two antigens called A and B, these determine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
blood type. |
Blood plasma contains antibodies or agglutinins that react with the A or B
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
antigens if mixed. These are anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies.
| | | | | | | | |
