PSYCH 1111 TRU Final Exam with
Complete Solutions
empirical - ANS-relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or
measurement
psychology - ANS-the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
psychobabble - ANS-Pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of
psychological and scientific-sounding language
critical thinking - ANS-The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective
judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or
anecdote
Occams Razor - ANS-The principle of choosing the solution that accounts for the most
evidence while making the fewest unverified assumptions.
phrenology - ANS-The now discredited theory that different brain areas account for
specific character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull.
structuralism - ANS-early psych approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate
experiences into basic elements
functionalism - ANS-an early psychological approach that emphasized the function or
purpose of behavior and consciousness
psychoanalysis - ANS-Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions
to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological
disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
biological perspective - ANS-approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes
associated with actions feelings and thoughts
evolutionary psychology - ANS-emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction,
and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior
learning perspective - ANS-emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a
person/animal actions
,behaviorism - ANS-emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the
environment and prior experiences as determinant of behavior
cognitive perspective - ANS-A psychological approach that emphasizes mental
processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of
behavior
socioculture perspective - ANS-perspective that focuses on the relationship between
social behavior and culture
psychodynamic perspective - ANS-emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the
individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy
humanist psychology - ANS-a psychological approach that emphasizes personal
growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential
feminist psychology - ANS-a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of
social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes
psychological practice - ANS-providing health or mental health services
basic psychology - ANS-the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge
for its own sake rather than for its practical application
applied psychology - ANS-The study of psychological issues that have direct practical
significance; also, the application of psychological findings.
psychotherapist - ANS-
psychoanalyst - ANS-a person who has obtained specialized training at a
psychoanalysis institute
psychiatrist - ANS-A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment
of psychological disorders
theory - ANS-an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to
explain a specified set of phenomena and interrelationships
operational definition - ANS-A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which
specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being
defined.
principle of falsifiability - ANS-The principle that a scientific theory must make
predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of
disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what
will not happen.
, confirmation bias - ANS-the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that
confirms one's own belief
representative sample - ANS-A group of individuals, selected from a population for
study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex.
descriptive methods - ANS-methods that yield descriptions of behaviors but not
necessarily casual explanations
case study - ANS-a detailed description or particular individual being studied or treated
observational study - ANS-a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically
observes and records behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve
either naturalistic or laboratory observation
psychological tests - ANS-procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits,
emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values
standardize - ANS-to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
norms - ANS-established standard of performance
reliability - ANS-consistency of scores derived from one time and place to another
validitiy - ANS-the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
surveys - ANS-Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their
experiences, attitudes, or opinions.
volunteer bias - ANS-a shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers
instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not
volunteer
correlation study - ANS-a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship
between two phenomena
correlation - ANS-a measure of how strongly two variable are related to one another
variables - ANS-characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or
described by a numeric scale
positive correlation - ANS-an association between increases in one variable and
increases in another- or between decreases in one and in another
Complete Solutions
empirical - ANS-relying on or derived from observation, experimentation, or
measurement
psychology - ANS-the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
psychobabble - ANS-Pseudoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of
psychological and scientific-sounding language
critical thinking - ANS-The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective
judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons and evidence rather than emotion or
anecdote
Occams Razor - ANS-The principle of choosing the solution that accounts for the most
evidence while making the fewest unverified assumptions.
phrenology - ANS-The now discredited theory that different brain areas account for
specific character and personality traits, which can be "read" from bumps on the skull.
structuralism - ANS-early psych approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate
experiences into basic elements
functionalism - ANS-an early psychological approach that emphasized the function or
purpose of behavior and consciousness
psychoanalysis - ANS-Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions
to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological
disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions
biological perspective - ANS-approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes
associated with actions feelings and thoughts
evolutionary psychology - ANS-emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction,
and "survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior
learning perspective - ANS-emphasizes how the environment and experience affect a
person/animal actions
,behaviorism - ANS-emphasizes the study of observable behavior and the role of the
environment and prior experiences as determinant of behavior
cognitive perspective - ANS-A psychological approach that emphasizes mental
processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of
behavior
socioculture perspective - ANS-perspective that focuses on the relationship between
social behavior and culture
psychodynamic perspective - ANS-emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the
individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy
humanist psychology - ANS-a psychological approach that emphasizes personal
growth, resilience, and the achievement of human potential
feminist psychology - ANS-a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of
social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes
psychological practice - ANS-providing health or mental health services
basic psychology - ANS-the study of psychological issues in order to seek knowledge
for its own sake rather than for its practical application
applied psychology - ANS-The study of psychological issues that have direct practical
significance; also, the application of psychological findings.
psychotherapist - ANS-
psychoanalyst - ANS-a person who has obtained specialized training at a
psychoanalysis institute
psychiatrist - ANS-A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment
of psychological disorders
theory - ANS-an organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to
explain a specified set of phenomena and interrelationships
operational definition - ANS-A precise definition of a term in a hypothesis, which
specifies the operations for observing and measuring the process or phenomenon being
defined.
principle of falsifiability - ANS-The principle that a scientific theory must make
predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of
disconfirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen but also what
will not happen.
, confirmation bias - ANS-the tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that
confirms one's own belief
representative sample - ANS-A group of individuals, selected from a population for
study, which matches the population on important characteristics such as age and sex.
descriptive methods - ANS-methods that yield descriptions of behaviors but not
necessarily casual explanations
case study - ANS-a detailed description or particular individual being studied or treated
observational study - ANS-a study in which the researcher carefully and systematically
observes and records behavior without interfering with the behavior; it may involve
either naturalistic or laboratory observation
psychological tests - ANS-procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits,
emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities, and values
standardize - ANS-to develop uniform procedures for giving and scoring a test
norms - ANS-established standard of performance
reliability - ANS-consistency of scores derived from one time and place to another
validitiy - ANS-the ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure
surveys - ANS-Questionnaires and interviews that ask people directly about their
experiences, attitudes, or opinions.
volunteer bias - ANS-a shortcoming of findings derived from a sample of volunteers
instead of a representative sample; the volunteers may differ from those who did not
volunteer
correlation study - ANS-a descriptive study that looks for a consistent relationship
between two phenomena
correlation - ANS-a measure of how strongly two variable are related to one another
variables - ANS-characteristics of behavior or experience that can be measured or
described by a numeric scale
positive correlation - ANS-an association between increases in one variable and
increases in another- or between decreases in one and in another
