TRU PSYC 1111 Unit 4 Bold Terms
(and a few extras) Exam-Graded A
amnesia - a memory disorder that involves the inability to remember information. As
with memory interference effects, _____ can work in either a forward or a backward
direction, affecting retrieval or encoding.
anterograde amnesia - the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store
into the long-term store
Damage to the hippocampus results in a type of amnesia that works in a forward
direction, meaning after the damage
to the hippocampus, new memories cannot be encoded.
Eg. H.M. - who had parts of his hippocampus removed to reduce severe seizures
(Corkin, Amaral, González, Johnson, & Hyman, 1997)
behaviour modification - a systematic approach to changing behaviour through the
application of the principles of conditioning
based on the assumption that behaviours can be added, eliminated, or modified by
changing the environment that produces behaviours as well as the consequences of
behaviour
categories - networks of associated memories that have features in common with each
other. Forming _____, and using _____ to guide behaviour, is a fundamental part of
human nature.
Memories that are stored in LTM are not isolated but rather are linked together into
_____
category prototype - the member of the category that is most average or typical of the
category.
Some category members are more _____
of, or similar to, the category than others (see Figure 10.7). For instance, some category
members (e.g., robins and
sparrows) are highly _____ of the category "birds," whereas other category members
(e.g., penguins and ostriches) are less _____.
central executive - places more or less importance on any of these components
, and ultimately decides what you will do. The _____ can also integrate the current
situation into previous memories to make sense of it — for example, if you had a similar
situation previously and found that you needed to change lanes at a certain point, you
could integrate that information into your current working memory.
Chunking - the process of organizing information into smaller groupings, thereby
increasing the number of items that can be held in STM.
eg. CTVCBCTSNHBO
Classical conditioning - learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone)
becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that
naturally produces a behaviour. After the association is learned, the previously neutral
stimulus is sufficient to produce
the behaviour
classical conditioning - second type of implicit memory in which we learn — without
effort or awareness — to associate neutral stimuli, such as a sound or a light, with
another stimulus, such as food, which
creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation.
conditioned response (CR) - the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus.
Note that the UR and the _____ are the same behaviour
conditioned stimulus (CS) - a neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented
prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned
stimulus.
conditioning - the ability to connect stimuli with responses.
For behaviourists, the fundamental aspect of learning is the process of _____
confabulation - describes a memory that you have of something that is faulty
because it actually happened to someone else or because it never actually happened at
all.
For example, you might think you remember something from childhood, but it might
actually have been an event that was experienced by a sibling.
consolidation. - The period of time in which LTP occurs and in which memories are
stored is known as the period of _____. LTP happens gradually.
Context-dependent learning - _____ refers to an increase in retrieval when the external
situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is
remembered.
(and a few extras) Exam-Graded A
amnesia - a memory disorder that involves the inability to remember information. As
with memory interference effects, _____ can work in either a forward or a backward
direction, affecting retrieval or encoding.
anterograde amnesia - the inability to transfer new information from the short-term store
into the long-term store
Damage to the hippocampus results in a type of amnesia that works in a forward
direction, meaning after the damage
to the hippocampus, new memories cannot be encoded.
Eg. H.M. - who had parts of his hippocampus removed to reduce severe seizures
(Corkin, Amaral, González, Johnson, & Hyman, 1997)
behaviour modification - a systematic approach to changing behaviour through the
application of the principles of conditioning
based on the assumption that behaviours can be added, eliminated, or modified by
changing the environment that produces behaviours as well as the consequences of
behaviour
categories - networks of associated memories that have features in common with each
other. Forming _____, and using _____ to guide behaviour, is a fundamental part of
human nature.
Memories that are stored in LTM are not isolated but rather are linked together into
_____
category prototype - the member of the category that is most average or typical of the
category.
Some category members are more _____
of, or similar to, the category than others (see Figure 10.7). For instance, some category
members (e.g., robins and
sparrows) are highly _____ of the category "birds," whereas other category members
(e.g., penguins and ostriches) are less _____.
central executive - places more or less importance on any of these components
, and ultimately decides what you will do. The _____ can also integrate the current
situation into previous memories to make sense of it — for example, if you had a similar
situation previously and found that you needed to change lanes at a certain point, you
could integrate that information into your current working memory.
Chunking - the process of organizing information into smaller groupings, thereby
increasing the number of items that can be held in STM.
eg. CTVCBCTSNHBO
Classical conditioning - learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone)
becomes associated with a stimulus (e.g., food) that
naturally produces a behaviour. After the association is learned, the previously neutral
stimulus is sufficient to produce
the behaviour
classical conditioning - second type of implicit memory in which we learn — without
effort or awareness — to associate neutral stimuli, such as a sound or a light, with
another stimulus, such as food, which
creates a naturally occurring response, such as enjoyment or salivation.
conditioned response (CR) - the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus.
Note that the UR and the _____ are the same behaviour
conditioned stimulus (CS) - a neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented
prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned
stimulus.
conditioning - the ability to connect stimuli with responses.
For behaviourists, the fundamental aspect of learning is the process of _____
confabulation - describes a memory that you have of something that is faulty
because it actually happened to someone else or because it never actually happened at
all.
For example, you might think you remember something from childhood, but it might
actually have been an event that was experienced by a sibling.
consolidation. - The period of time in which LTP occurs and in which memories are
stored is known as the period of _____. LTP happens gradually.
Context-dependent learning - _____ refers to an increase in retrieval when the external
situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is
remembered.
