ADULT HEALTH NURSING III 2026
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ venous thromboembolism (VTE). Answer: -Veins of the lower
extremities and pelvis are highly susceptible to thrombus formation
after a fracture, especially a hip fracture.
-Venous thromboembolism (VTE) may also occur after total hip or
total knee replacement surgery.
-In patients with limited mobility, venous stasis is aggravated by
inactivity of muscles that normally assist in the pumping action of
venous blood from the extremities to the heart.
-Because of the high risk of VTE in the orthopedic surgical patient,
prophylactic anticoagulant drugs such as (1) warfarin (Coumadin),
(2) low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (e.g., enoxaparin
[Lovenox], fondaparinux [Arixtra], or rivaroxaban [Xarelto]) may be
ordered.
-In addition to wearing compression gradient stockings
(antiembolism hose) and using sequential compression devices, the
patient should dorsiflex and plantar flex the ankle of an affected
lower extremity against resistance and perform ROM exercises on
the unaffected leg.
◉ fat embolism. Answer: -Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is
characterized by systemic fat globules from fractures that are
,distributed into tissues, lungs, and other organs after a traumatic
skeletal injury.
-FES is a contributory factor in mortality associated with fractures.
-The fractures that most often are associated with FES include those
of the long bones, ribs, tibia, and pelvis.
-FES can also occur after total joint replacement, spinal fusion,
liposuction, crush injuries, and bone marrow transplantation.
Two theories about fat embolism exist:
-According to the mechanical theory, fat emboli may originate from
the fat that is released from the marrow of injured bone. •The fat
then enters the systemic circulation where it embolizes to other
organs such as the brain, where it can obstruct.
•As fat droplets lodge in small blood vessels, local ischemia and
inflammation occur.
-The biochemical theory suggests hormonal changes caused by
trauma or sepsis stimulate the systemic release of free fatty acids
(e.g., chylomicrons) that form the fat emboli.
-Early recognition of FES is crucial to prevent a potentially lethal
course.
-Most patients manifest symptoms within 24 to 48 hours after the
injury.
-Severe forms have occurred within hours of injury.
,-Fat emboli in the lungs cause a hemorrhagic interstitial
pneumonitis with signs and symptoms of acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS), such as chest pain, tachypnea, cyanosis, dyspnea,
apprehension, tachycardia, and decreased partial pressure of
arterial O2 (PaO2).
-These symptoms are caused by poor oxygen exchange.
-Changes in mental status (a result of hypoxemia) are also part of
the classic triad of signs and symptoms.
-Investigate memory loss, restlessness, confusion, elevated
temperature, and headache so central nervous system involvement
is not mistaken for alcohol withdrawal or acute
◉ systemic lupus erythematosus. Answer: -Systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory autoimmune
disease
-It is a complex disorder of multifactorial origin resulting from
interactions among genetic, hormonal, environmental, and
immunologic factors.
Affects:
-Skin
-Joints
-Serous membranes:
pleura, pericardium
-Renal system
, -Hematologic system
-Neurologic system
-Marked by an unpredictable course with alternating periods of
remission and worsening disease
-Most cases in women of childbearing years
-More common in African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics,
and Native Americans than in Caucasians
-Overaggressive autoimmune reactions directed against constituents
of:
cell nucleus, single- and double-stranded DNA, activation of B and T
cells
-Etiology is unknown
Probable Causes:
-Genetic influence
-Hormones
-Environmental factors
-Certain medications:
•At least 40 medications currently in use may trigger SLE, such as
procainamide (Pronestyl), hydralazine (Apresoline), and quinidine
(Quiniglut).
COMPREHENSIVE TEST PAPER QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS
◉ venous thromboembolism (VTE). Answer: -Veins of the lower
extremities and pelvis are highly susceptible to thrombus formation
after a fracture, especially a hip fracture.
-Venous thromboembolism (VTE) may also occur after total hip or
total knee replacement surgery.
-In patients with limited mobility, venous stasis is aggravated by
inactivity of muscles that normally assist in the pumping action of
venous blood from the extremities to the heart.
-Because of the high risk of VTE in the orthopedic surgical patient,
prophylactic anticoagulant drugs such as (1) warfarin (Coumadin),
(2) low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (e.g., enoxaparin
[Lovenox], fondaparinux [Arixtra], or rivaroxaban [Xarelto]) may be
ordered.
-In addition to wearing compression gradient stockings
(antiembolism hose) and using sequential compression devices, the
patient should dorsiflex and plantar flex the ankle of an affected
lower extremity against resistance and perform ROM exercises on
the unaffected leg.
◉ fat embolism. Answer: -Fat embolism syndrome (FES) is
characterized by systemic fat globules from fractures that are
,distributed into tissues, lungs, and other organs after a traumatic
skeletal injury.
-FES is a contributory factor in mortality associated with fractures.
-The fractures that most often are associated with FES include those
of the long bones, ribs, tibia, and pelvis.
-FES can also occur after total joint replacement, spinal fusion,
liposuction, crush injuries, and bone marrow transplantation.
Two theories about fat embolism exist:
-According to the mechanical theory, fat emboli may originate from
the fat that is released from the marrow of injured bone. •The fat
then enters the systemic circulation where it embolizes to other
organs such as the brain, where it can obstruct.
•As fat droplets lodge in small blood vessels, local ischemia and
inflammation occur.
-The biochemical theory suggests hormonal changes caused by
trauma or sepsis stimulate the systemic release of free fatty acids
(e.g., chylomicrons) that form the fat emboli.
-Early recognition of FES is crucial to prevent a potentially lethal
course.
-Most patients manifest symptoms within 24 to 48 hours after the
injury.
-Severe forms have occurred within hours of injury.
,-Fat emboli in the lungs cause a hemorrhagic interstitial
pneumonitis with signs and symptoms of acute respiratory distress
syndrome (ARDS), such as chest pain, tachypnea, cyanosis, dyspnea,
apprehension, tachycardia, and decreased partial pressure of
arterial O2 (PaO2).
-These symptoms are caused by poor oxygen exchange.
-Changes in mental status (a result of hypoxemia) are also part of
the classic triad of signs and symptoms.
-Investigate memory loss, restlessness, confusion, elevated
temperature, and headache so central nervous system involvement
is not mistaken for alcohol withdrawal or acute
◉ systemic lupus erythematosus. Answer: -Systemic lupus
erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem inflammatory autoimmune
disease
-It is a complex disorder of multifactorial origin resulting from
interactions among genetic, hormonal, environmental, and
immunologic factors.
Affects:
-Skin
-Joints
-Serous membranes:
pleura, pericardium
-Renal system
, -Hematologic system
-Neurologic system
-Marked by an unpredictable course with alternating periods of
remission and worsening disease
-Most cases in women of childbearing years
-More common in African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanics,
and Native Americans than in Caucasians
-Overaggressive autoimmune reactions directed against constituents
of:
cell nucleus, single- and double-stranded DNA, activation of B and T
cells
-Etiology is unknown
Probable Causes:
-Genetic influence
-Hormones
-Environmental factors
-Certain medications:
•At least 40 medications currently in use may trigger SLE, such as
procainamide (Pronestyl), hydralazine (Apresoline), and quinidine
(Quiniglut).
