TEST BANK
Biological Science
Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, & Jeff Carmichael
8th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Biology The Study of Life 1
Chapter 2 Water and Carbon The Chemical Basis of Life 19
Chapter 3 Protein Structure and Function 44
Chapter 4 Nucleic Acids and the RNA World 67
Chapter 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 87
Chapter 6 Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells 105
Chapter 7 Inside the Cell 135
Chapter 8 Energy and Enzymes An Introduction to Metabolism 155
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 183
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis 209
Chapter 11 Cell-Cell Interactions 236
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle 253
Chapter 13 Meiosis 282
Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene 310
Chapter 15 DNA and the Gene Synthesis and Repair 345
Chapter 16 How Genes Work 365
Chapter 17 Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation 385
Chapter 18 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 410
Chapter 19 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 420
Chapter 20 The Molecular Revolution Biotechnology, Genomics, and New Frontiers 439
Chapter 21 Genes, Development, and Evolution 466
Chapter 22 Evolution by Natural Selection 481
Chapter 23 Evolutionary Processes 507
Chapter 24 Speciation 531
Chapter 25 Phylogenies and the History of Life 556
Chapter 26 Bacteria and Archaea 594
Chapter 27 Diversification of Eukaryotes 608
Chapter 28 Green Algae and Land Plants 630
Chapter 29 Fungi 657
Chapter 30 An Introduction to Animals 677
Chapter 31 Protostome Animals 706
Chapter 32 Deuterostome Animals 735
Chapter 33 Viruses 763
Chapter 34 Plant Form and Function 783
Chapter 35 Water and Sugar Transport in Plants 801
Chapter 36 Plant Nutrition 818
Chapter 37 Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses 836
Chapter 38 Flowering Plant Reproduction and Development 856
,Chapter 39 Animal Form and Function 876
Chapter 40 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals 896
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition 918
Chapter 42 Gas Exchange and Circulation 951
Chapter 43 Animal Nervous Systems 984
Chapter 44 Animal Sensory Systems 1018
Chapter 45 Animal Movement 1035
Chapter 46 Chemical Signals in Animals 1050
Chapter 47 Animal Reproduction and Development 1072
Chapter 48 The Immune System in Animals 1109
Chapter 49 An Introduction to Ecology 1135
Chapter 50 Behavioral Ecology 1158
Chapter 51 Population Ecology 1181
Chapter 52 Community Ecology 1213
Chapter 53 Ecosystems and Global Ecology 1251
Chapter 54 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 1285
,Chapter 1 biology and the tree of life
1) The pattern component of the cell theory claims that all organisms consist of cells.
A) True
B) False
ans: a
Reference: section 1.1 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
2) How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
A) There is no difference—the terms are interchangeable.
B) A theory is an explanation for a very general phenomenon or observation;
hypotheses treat more specific observations.
C) A hypothesis is an explanation for a very general phenomenon; theories treat more
specific issues.
D) Theories define scientific laws; hypotheses are used to set up
experiments.
Ans: b
Reference: section 1.1 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
3) Algae in the genus caulerpa typically grow to a length of over half a meter and have
structures similar to stems, leaves, and roots. Reproduction occurs when adults produce
sperm and eggs that fuse to form offspring. Each adult caulerpa, however, consists of just
a single cell. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Caulerpa violate the pattern component of the cell theory—that all organisms consist of cells.
B) Caulerpa violate the process component of the cell theory—that all cells come
from preexisting cells.
C) Caulerpa violate both the pattern and process components of the cell theory.
D) The existence of caulerpa is consistent with the cell
theory.
Ans: d
Reference: section 1.1 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
4) Which statement about spontaneous generation is false?
A) Pasteur demonstrated that it does not occur under normal laboratory conditions.
,B) It apparently occurred at least once–when life on earth began.
C) It occurs every time a new species evolves from a preexisting species.
D) It addresses the formation of living cells from previously nonliving material. Ans:
c
Reference:
Section 1.1
Bloom`s level: remembering
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.recall pasteur's experiment on
spontaneous generation. Originally, he used sealed and unsealed flasks instead of swan-necked
and unsealed flasks. Critics claimed that the experiment was inconclusive. Which of the following
criticisms would be addressed by using a swan-necked flask instead of the sealed flask?
E) The broth was heated too intensively.
F) There had not been enough time for spontaneous generation to occur.
G) Fresh air is required for spontaneous generation.
H) The broth was not nutritious
enough. Ans: c
Reference: section 1.1
Bloom`s level: comprehension/applying
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
5) Which of the following is the best example of a heritable variation?
A) Skin cancer
B) Amputation
C) Red hair
D) Love for
music ans: c
Reference: section 1.2 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-1. Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organisms.
6) How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
A) Artificial selection occurs only in computer simulations, not with actual organisms.
B) Artificial selection is based on conscious choices by humans.
C) Artificial selection occurs only with plants.
D) Artificial selection is not based on heritable variation, but on new
mutations. Ans: b
Reference: section 1.2 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
,7) Over the past several decades, natural selection has caused populations of
staphylococcus aureus (an infectious wound bacterium) to evolve resistance to most
antibiotics. If antibiotic use were stopped, what would you predict would happen to these
s. Aureus populations?
A) They will go extinct without the antibiotic.
B) The populations will begin colonizing new environments.
C) The frequency of nonresistant forms will increase in these populations.
D) The frequency of resistant forms will definitely increase in these
populations. Ans: c
Reference: section 1.2 bloom`s level:
applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that are
necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a population.
8) Environments all over the world are changing as a result of global warming. Could
this influence natural selection?
A) No. The environment is always changing. Global warming is nothing new.
B) Yes. Traits that help individuals produce more offspring in warmer environments
will increase in frequency.
C) No. The only change will be that species from hot environments will expand their ranges.
D) Yes. Mutations occur more frequently in hot
environments. Ans: b
Reference: section 1.2 bloom`s level:
applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
9) The "heat" in chili peppers is due to a molecule called capsaicin. Suppose you breed chili
peppers that have low amounts of capsaicin over many generations in order to make them milder
(have less capsaicin). What process is occurring?
A) Heritable variation
B) Environmental change
C) Natural selection
D) Artificial
selection ans: d
Reference: section 1.2
Bloom`s level: comprehension/remembering
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
,10) The "heat" in chili peppers is due to a molecule called capsaicin. Suppose you breed only
the hottest chili peppers over many generations–predict the characteristics of the resulting
individuals.
A) Larger fruits
B) Smaller fruits
C) Less capsaicin
D) More capsaicin
ans: d reference:
Section 1.2
Bloom`s level: applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
11) Starting from the wild mustard brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known
as brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Which of the following statements is supported
by this observation?
A) In this species, there is enough heritable variation to create a variety of features.
B) Heritable variation is low–otherwise the wild strain would have different characteristics.
C) Natural selection has not occurred very frequently in the wild populations.
D) In this species, most of the variation present is due to differences in soil, nutrition,
amount of sunlight, or other aspects of the environment.
Ans: a reference:
Section 1.2
Bloom`s level: applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
12) Which of the following best reflects a phylogenetic conclusion regarding
chimpanzees and baboons?
A) They are grouped together because they both have opposable thumbs.
B) They are grouped together because they both feed their young breast milk.
C) They are grouped together because they have a common ancestor in recent history.
D) They are grouped together because they live in similar
habitats. Ans: c
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and
,Differences in constructing phylogenetic trees.
,13) One aspect of darwin's theory of natural selection is that adaptations not useful to fitness
are lost faster if they have a greater cost. With this in mind, which of the following
explanation is most likely true?
A) Our little toe is not going away in the near future.
B) The human appendix must currently serve an essential function or it would not be in our
bodies.
C) It is a mystery why we do not have tails.
D) Humans are relatively hairless because we look better without hair.
Ans: a
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that are
necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a population.
14) Many phylogenetic trees are based on dna sequence similarities. What is the practical result
of this similarity?
A) Closely related species will not look similar to each other.
B) Artificial selection can bring closely related species even closer to each other.
C) Species with very similar dna will have similar structures, enzymes, and appearance.
D) Mitochondrial dna might be different from nuclear
dna. Ans: c
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
15) Which of the following would not be a good reason for studying ssu rna to
understand the major branches in the evolutionary history of life?
A) This molecule is found in every species.
B) It is passed on through evolutionary history with only minor modifications.
C) It is a necessary part of the cellular machinery for reproduction and other purposes.
D) It mutates very
frequently. Ans: d
reference: section 1.3
Bloom`s level: comprehension
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
, 16) In the linnaean classification system, which taxon would generally include the
largest number of species?
A) Family
B) Phylum
C) Order
D) Genus
ans: b
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
17) Why did the five-kingdom system of classification fall out of favor?
A) It was too complex—linnaeus' original two-kingdom system was more useful.
B) It was too difficult to distinguish plants from fungi and animals from protistans.
C) There were too few monerans to justify their classification at the kingdom level.
D) It did not reflect the actual evolutionary relationships among organisms very
well. Ans: d
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
18) What do the nodes and branch points on a phylogenetic tree represent?
A) Species
B) New kingdoms or domains
C) Ancestral groups that split into two descendant groups
D) Groups that got new
names ans: c reference:
section 1.3 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
19) On an evolutionary tree, any group that includes a common ancestor and all of its
descendants is called monophyletic ("one-tribe"). Draw the tree for bacteria, archaea,
and eukarya. Are prokaryotes monophyletic?
A) Yes
B) No
Biological Science
Scott Freeman, Kim Quillin, Lizabeth Allison, Michael Black, Greg Podgorski, Emily Taylor, & Jeff Carmichael
8th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Biology The Study of Life 1
Chapter 2 Water and Carbon The Chemical Basis of Life 19
Chapter 3 Protein Structure and Function 44
Chapter 4 Nucleic Acids and the RNA World 67
Chapter 5 An Introduction to Carbohydrates 87
Chapter 6 Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells 105
Chapter 7 Inside the Cell 135
Chapter 8 Energy and Enzymes An Introduction to Metabolism 155
Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 183
Chapter 10 Photosynthesis 209
Chapter 11 Cell-Cell Interactions 236
Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle 253
Chapter 13 Meiosis 282
Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene 310
Chapter 15 DNA and the Gene Synthesis and Repair 345
Chapter 16 How Genes Work 365
Chapter 17 Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation 385
Chapter 18 Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria 410
Chapter 19 Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes 420
Chapter 20 The Molecular Revolution Biotechnology, Genomics, and New Frontiers 439
Chapter 21 Genes, Development, and Evolution 466
Chapter 22 Evolution by Natural Selection 481
Chapter 23 Evolutionary Processes 507
Chapter 24 Speciation 531
Chapter 25 Phylogenies and the History of Life 556
Chapter 26 Bacteria and Archaea 594
Chapter 27 Diversification of Eukaryotes 608
Chapter 28 Green Algae and Land Plants 630
Chapter 29 Fungi 657
Chapter 30 An Introduction to Animals 677
Chapter 31 Protostome Animals 706
Chapter 32 Deuterostome Animals 735
Chapter 33 Viruses 763
Chapter 34 Plant Form and Function 783
Chapter 35 Water and Sugar Transport in Plants 801
Chapter 36 Plant Nutrition 818
Chapter 37 Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses 836
Chapter 38 Flowering Plant Reproduction and Development 856
,Chapter 39 Animal Form and Function 876
Chapter 40 Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals 896
Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition 918
Chapter 42 Gas Exchange and Circulation 951
Chapter 43 Animal Nervous Systems 984
Chapter 44 Animal Sensory Systems 1018
Chapter 45 Animal Movement 1035
Chapter 46 Chemical Signals in Animals 1050
Chapter 47 Animal Reproduction and Development 1072
Chapter 48 The Immune System in Animals 1109
Chapter 49 An Introduction to Ecology 1135
Chapter 50 Behavioral Ecology 1158
Chapter 51 Population Ecology 1181
Chapter 52 Community Ecology 1213
Chapter 53 Ecosystems and Global Ecology 1251
Chapter 54 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 1285
,Chapter 1 biology and the tree of life
1) The pattern component of the cell theory claims that all organisms consist of cells.
A) True
B) False
ans: a
Reference: section 1.1 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
2) How does a scientific theory differ from a scientific hypothesis?
A) There is no difference—the terms are interchangeable.
B) A theory is an explanation for a very general phenomenon or observation;
hypotheses treat more specific observations.
C) A hypothesis is an explanation for a very general phenomenon; theories treat more
specific issues.
D) Theories define scientific laws; hypotheses are used to set up
experiments.
Ans: b
Reference: section 1.1 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
3) Algae in the genus caulerpa typically grow to a length of over half a meter and have
structures similar to stems, leaves, and roots. Reproduction occurs when adults produce
sperm and eggs that fuse to form offspring. Each adult caulerpa, however, consists of just
a single cell. Which of the following statements is true?
A) Caulerpa violate the pattern component of the cell theory—that all organisms consist of cells.
B) Caulerpa violate the process component of the cell theory—that all cells come
from preexisting cells.
C) Caulerpa violate both the pattern and process components of the cell theory.
D) The existence of caulerpa is consistent with the cell
theory.
Ans: d
Reference: section 1.1 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
4) Which statement about spontaneous generation is false?
A) Pasteur demonstrated that it does not occur under normal laboratory conditions.
,B) It apparently occurred at least once–when life on earth began.
C) It occurs every time a new species evolves from a preexisting species.
D) It addresses the formation of living cells from previously nonliving material. Ans:
c
Reference:
Section 1.1
Bloom`s level: remembering
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.recall pasteur's experiment on
spontaneous generation. Originally, he used sealed and unsealed flasks instead of swan-necked
and unsealed flasks. Critics claimed that the experiment was inconclusive. Which of the following
criticisms would be addressed by using a swan-necked flask instead of the sealed flask?
E) The broth was heated too intensively.
F) There had not been enough time for spontaneous generation to occur.
G) Fresh air is required for spontaneous generation.
H) The broth was not nutritious
enough. Ans: c
Reference: section 1.1
Bloom`s level: comprehension/applying
Los: chp1-2. Describe the two components of the cell theory.
5) Which of the following is the best example of a heritable variation?
A) Skin cancer
B) Amputation
C) Red hair
D) Love for
music ans: c
Reference: section 1.2 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-1. Name five fundamental characteristics shared by all living organisms.
6) How does artificial selection differ from natural selection?
A) Artificial selection occurs only in computer simulations, not with actual organisms.
B) Artificial selection is based on conscious choices by humans.
C) Artificial selection occurs only with plants.
D) Artificial selection is not based on heritable variation, but on new
mutations. Ans: b
Reference: section 1.2 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
,7) Over the past several decades, natural selection has caused populations of
staphylococcus aureus (an infectious wound bacterium) to evolve resistance to most
antibiotics. If antibiotic use were stopped, what would you predict would happen to these
s. Aureus populations?
A) They will go extinct without the antibiotic.
B) The populations will begin colonizing new environments.
C) The frequency of nonresistant forms will increase in these populations.
D) The frequency of resistant forms will definitely increase in these
populations. Ans: c
Reference: section 1.2 bloom`s level:
applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that are
necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a population.
8) Environments all over the world are changing as a result of global warming. Could
this influence natural selection?
A) No. The environment is always changing. Global warming is nothing new.
B) Yes. Traits that help individuals produce more offspring in warmer environments
will increase in frequency.
C) No. The only change will be that species from hot environments will expand their ranges.
D) Yes. Mutations occur more frequently in hot
environments. Ans: b
Reference: section 1.2 bloom`s level:
applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
9) The "heat" in chili peppers is due to a molecule called capsaicin. Suppose you breed chili
peppers that have low amounts of capsaicin over many generations in order to make them milder
(have less capsaicin). What process is occurring?
A) Heritable variation
B) Environmental change
C) Natural selection
D) Artificial
selection ans: d
Reference: section 1.2
Bloom`s level: comprehension/remembering
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
,10) The "heat" in chili peppers is due to a molecule called capsaicin. Suppose you breed only
the hottest chili peppers over many generations–predict the characteristics of the resulting
individuals.
A) Larger fruits
B) Smaller fruits
C) Less capsaicin
D) More capsaicin
ans: d reference:
Section 1.2
Bloom`s level: applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
11) Starting from the wild mustard brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known
as brussel sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Which of the following statements is supported
by this observation?
A) In this species, there is enough heritable variation to create a variety of features.
B) Heritable variation is low–otherwise the wild strain would have different characteristics.
C) Natural selection has not occurred very frequently in the wild populations.
D) In this species, most of the variation present is due to differences in soil, nutrition,
amount of sunlight, or other aspects of the environment.
Ans: a reference:
Section 1.2
Bloom`s level: applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two
conditions that are necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about
evolutionary change in a population.
12) Which of the following best reflects a phylogenetic conclusion regarding
chimpanzees and baboons?
A) They are grouped together because they both have opposable thumbs.
B) They are grouped together because they both feed their young breast milk.
C) They are grouped together because they have a common ancestor in recent history.
D) They are grouped together because they live in similar
habitats. Ans: c
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and
,Differences in constructing phylogenetic trees.
,13) One aspect of darwin's theory of natural selection is that adaptations not useful to fitness
are lost faster if they have a greater cost. With this in mind, which of the following
explanation is most likely true?
A) Our little toe is not going away in the near future.
B) The human appendix must currently serve an essential function or it would not be in our
bodies.
C) It is a mystery why we do not have tails.
D) Humans are relatively hairless because we look better without hair.
Ans: a
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
applying
Los: chp1-3. Briefly explain the theory of natural selection, and clarify the two conditions that are
necessary and sufficient for natural selection to bring about evolutionary change in a population.
14) Many phylogenetic trees are based on dna sequence similarities. What is the practical result
of this similarity?
A) Closely related species will not look similar to each other.
B) Artificial selection can bring closely related species even closer to each other.
C) Species with very similar dna will have similar structures, enzymes, and appearance.
D) Mitochondrial dna might be different from nuclear
dna. Ans: c
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
comprehension
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
15) Which of the following would not be a good reason for studying ssu rna to
understand the major branches in the evolutionary history of life?
A) This molecule is found in every species.
B) It is passed on through evolutionary history with only minor modifications.
C) It is a necessary part of the cellular machinery for reproduction and other purposes.
D) It mutates very
frequently. Ans: d
reference: section 1.3
Bloom`s level: comprehension
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
, 16) In the linnaean classification system, which taxon would generally include the
largest number of species?
A) Family
B) Phylum
C) Order
D) Genus
ans: b
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
17) Why did the five-kingdom system of classification fall out of favor?
A) It was too complex—linnaeus' original two-kingdom system was more useful.
B) It was too difficult to distinguish plants from fungi and animals from protistans.
C) There were too few monerans to justify their classification at the kingdom level.
D) It did not reflect the actual evolutionary relationships among organisms very
well. Ans: d
Reference: section 1.3 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
18) What do the nodes and branch points on a phylogenetic tree represent?
A) Species
B) New kingdoms or domains
C) Ancestral groups that split into two descendant groups
D) Groups that got new
names ans: c reference:
section 1.3 bloom`s level:
Remembering
Los: chp1-4. Read a phylogenetic tree, and understand the role of similarities and differences in
constructing phylogenetic trees.
19) On an evolutionary tree, any group that includes a common ancestor and all of its
descendants is called monophyletic ("one-tribe"). Draw the tree for bacteria, archaea,
and eukarya. Are prokaryotes monophyletic?
A) Yes
B) No
