APK 5177 EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

APK 5177 EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Prior to the 1890's, information related to the "how" and "why" of resistance training came from... - Answers professional strongmen of the day When John Capretta surveyed the leading physiologists of 1931 on their theories behind how some resistance trained individuals become "muscle bound" he was most interested in the opinion of W.O. Fenn who believed that the "muscle bound" condition was the result of.... - Answers an increase in the number of muscle fibers relative to the motor neuron that innervated them In what year was the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction proposed? - Answers 1954 1894 saw one of the first scientific studies examining the effects of resistance training. What phenomenon was this study investigating? - Answers cross-education (the influence of RT of one limb on the non-trained limb) Which of the following scientists created the principles of "progressive resistance exercise" training? - Answers Dr. Thomas DeLorme The first scientific studies involving the effects of resistance training in females were conducted in which decade? - Answers 1940s How does the "Oxford" technique of resistance training program design differ from DeLorme's "progressive resistance exercise" technique? - Answers resistance is decreased per set in the Oxford Technique Which scientist invented the muscle biopsy technique in the 1960s? - Answers Bergstrom In what year was the National Strength and Conditioning Association founded (see Table 1)? - Answers 1978 Thanks to the Human Genome Project of the 1990s, the number of gene polymorphisms that are related to the expression of muscle strength has reached what number (as of the time of this article's publishing)? - Answers 210 Due to the work of Staron and his research group, what do we now know about muscle fiber adaptation to heavy resistance exercise? - Answers Type IIx fibers transition to Type IIa fibers with Heavy RT Fleck and Dean found that regular resistance training did which of the following to the blood pressure response during resistance training - Answers regular RT reduced the BP response Seminal work done by Kraemer, et al, regarding the acute effects of resistance training on hormone responses found that Heavy RT with long rest intervals had which of the following effects on the acute testosterone response to the exercise? - Answers no effect Research examining the effects of RT on tendon size indicates that hypertrophy to a tendon is a _____________ phenomenon - Answers long term Initial studies on the effects of combining endurance and resistance training indicated a determinant to anaerobic adaptations. However, further evidence suggests which of the following - Answers positive anaerobic adaptations may still occur when training frequency and intensity are optimized via periodization Which of the following journals, still in existence today, was created to provide a "market" for the resistance training research studies that were being conducted in the 1980s? - Answers Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research An athlete is used to performing high-intensity aerobic exercise; however, she will now be changing to longer-duration, submaximal exercise on a regular basis. This change in training strategy will typically result in what changes concerning energy supply? - Answers transition from almost exclusively carbohydrate to mostly fat Two athletes are competing in upcoming competitions, a weightlifting meet and a marathon. Which energy systems will each be primarily using, respectively? - Answers phosphagen and oxidative The excess postexercise oxygen consumption experienced by athletes is caused by all of the following EXCEPT - Answers decreases in body temperature If an athlete completes a maximum sprint interval in 10 seconds as part of an interval training workout, which of the following is a recommended length of the rest period before the next sprint? - Answers 2 minutes The Krebs cycle occurs in which portion of the cell? - Answers mitochondria An aerobic endurance athlete is trying to give himself a competitive edge over his opponents. To improve his lactate threshold, what type of training should he engage in, and in what direction would this shift his threshold? - Answers high intensity; shifts to the right During higher-intensity exercises, athletes often experience peripheral fatigue. Which of the following is believed to be the reason for this type of fatigue? - Answers metabolic acidosis The law of mass action states which of the following? - Answers The concentrations of reactants or products will drive the direction of the reactions. Which of the following describes the portion of the total energy cost of exercise that must be supplied through anaerobic mechanisms due to the slow response of the aerobic system to the initial increase in the demand for energy? - Answers oxygen deficit Which of the following is a branched-chain amino acid? - Answers isoleucine Which of the following describes the flow of blood? - Answers right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body On average, how many times per minute does the SA node discharge at rest? - Answers 60-80 Which of the following is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle? - Answers sarcomere Which of the following describes Type I muscle fibers? - Answers fatigue resistant with high aerobic energy supply Which of the following is the order of the phases of a muscle contraction? - Answers resting, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, recharge, relaxation The chronotropic effect is caused by stimulation of the _______________ nervous system and causes the heart rate to _______________. - Answers sympathetic; increase The pelvis is located _______________ to the patella. - Answers superior Which of the following are the two main divisions of the skeletal system? - Answers appendicular and axial Some of the highest bone mineral densities have been seen in which of the following types of athletes? - Answers gymnasts What joint comprises the ankle and wrist joints? - Answers biaxial Which of the following types of body proportions is characterized by a rounder body with broader hips? - Answers endomorph The female athlete triad is the interrelationship between what three factors? - Answers energy availability, menstrual function, bone mineral density A strength and conditioning professional is training two 16-year-old males; one has developed facial hair and a deepened voice, while the other has not. Which of the following is the most effective indicator of their physical maturation level? - Answers skeletal age As boys grow, they become taller and gain body mass. During this time, muscle changes as well, first in _______________ and second in _______________. - Answers mass; high-level force production Joint laxity, skill level, limb alignment, and neuromuscular deficiency are all thought to be factors in the occurrence of what common injury? - Answers anterior cruciate ligament tear Which of the following is generally discouraged in older adults, due to the sudden rise in blood pressure it can create? - Answers Valsalva maneuver Sarcopenia is associated with all of the following changes due to advancing age - Answers reduced tendon compliance diminished ability to produce force rapidly denervation of muscle fibers When comparing males and females, which of the following is true regarding strength and power capabilities? - Answers When strength is expressed relative to muscle cross-sectional area, no significant difference exists between sexes. Which of the following is the primary mechanism leading to strength gains in preadolescents? - Answers neural factors (motor unit activation and synchronization) All of the following are benefits of resistance training in youth - Answers increased motor skills increased cardiac function decreased body fat Due to availability of the track, a coach testing her athletes' 5K time must test them in the early afternoon, which is the hottest part of the day in their location. Which of the following guidelines is LEAST effective for minimizing health risks and obtaining accurate results? - Answers Be acclimatized to the heat and humidity for 2 hours before testing. If an athlete's test result is high on one day and low the next day, which of the following aspects of test quality appears to be compromised? - Answers reliability One scorer for a group testing allowed a partial last repetition to count toward an athlete's total score on the pull-up test, while another scorer did not count that repetition. This difference between scorers is related to which of the following? - Answers interrater reliability Which of the following combination of tests would be most relevant for an American football wide receiver? - Answers vertical jump and 30- to 100-yard (27-91 m) sprint What is the minimum length of the rest period recommended between trials that are close to an athlete's maximum? - Answers 3 min Which of the following is LEAST helpful to record to aid in future testing sessions for an athlete? - Answers mental state of athlete on testing day An athlete is able to identify that the back squat 1RM test is being used to test her maximal lower body strength. This is an example of which of the following? - Answers face validity If a coach is planning to schedule testing and it must all be performed on the same day, which is the most ideal sequence for testing? - Answers nonfatiguing, agility, maximum power and strength, sprints, local muscular endurance, anaerobic capacity, aerobic capacity All of the following are athlete-related factors to consider when selecting tests EXCEPT - Answers training age An athlete is having measurements taken to assess her body composition. The coach uses a DEXA scan and a new method he is being asked to test. The purpose of using these two measures is to establish what type of validity of the new test? - Answers concurrent During the 300-yard (274 m) shuttle run, how far away are the lines, and how many round trips are made to complete this test? - Answers 25 yards (22.9 m) apart with 6 trips Anthropometry generally includes measurements of all of the following - Answers weight height body girths Which of the following is the effect size for a 10-week squat training program? The athletes' pretraining 1RM squat mean was 150 kg (330 pounds), the posttraining 1RM squat mean was 156 kg (343.2 pounds), and the standard deviation was 6 kg (13.2 pounds). - Answers 1.0 Which of the following is a valid test of local muscular endurance for a well-trained athlete? - Answers push-up test An athlete struggles to return to a "ready" stance after jumping for a ball. This deficiency demonstrates a need to improve which of the following components of athletic performance? - Answers stability A female athlete's body fat percentage was measured before the competitive season. If she was classified as "leaner than average," what was her measurement? - Answers 19-20% Which of the following instructions should the coach give to an athlete when assessing the athlete's reactive strength index? - Answers "Place your hands on your hips while on top of the drop box." Which of the following allows for someone to draw conclusions about a population from the information collected in a population sample? - Answers inferential statistics Which of the following is an example of a low-speed muscular strength test? - Answers bench press 1RM For men and women respectively, which of the following loads should be used for the YMCA bench press test? - Answers 80 pounds (36.4 kg) and 35 pounds (15.9 kg) Regarding age and sex of individuals, which of the following is true? - Answers Fibrous connective tissue replaces degenerating muscle fibers in older people. An athlete performing ballistic stretching should follow which of the following guidelines? - Answers Involve an active muscular effort. Which of the following describes muscle and connective tissue elasticity? - Answers ability to return to original resting length after a passive stretch Which of the following describes the difference between dynamic ROM and static ROM? - Answers Dynamic ROM is greater than static ROM. Which type of joint in the body typically exhibits the greatest ROM? - Answers ball-and-socket Which of the following is a temperature-related effect of a well-designed warm-up? - Answers enhanced neural function During a PNF stretch, all of the following muscle actions are used to facilitate the passive stretch of a muscle EXCEPT - Answers isometric muscle action of the agonist Which of the following describes a Golgi tendon organ? - Answers sensitive to increases in muscular tension An athlete is performing repeated walking knee lift stretches. Which of the following is the best definition of the type of stretching being completed? - Answers dynamic stretching Which of the following are the components of the RAMP protocol? - Answers raise, activate, mobilize, potentiate All of the following are points of contact with the bench or the floor when an athlete is in the five-point body contact position - Answers head buttocks left foot Which of the following grip widths can be determined using the fist-to-opposite-shoulder method or the elbow-to-elbow method? - Answers snatch grip Which of the following grips is used for the hammer curl exercise? - Answers closed, neutral Which of the following is a major muscle involved with the leg extension exercise? - Answers rectus femoris Which of the following is a guideline for proper technique for the first pull of the power clean exercise? - Answers As the bar is raised, keep it as close to the shins as possible. Which of the following describes the difference between the upward movement phase of the push press compared to the push jerk? - Answers and knee extension thrust is only forceful enough to drive the bar one-half to two-thirds the distance overhead. When an athlete is performing the upward movement phase of the seated barbell shoulder press exercise, all of the following specify the action of the spotter to assist the athlete to perform the first repetition EXCEPT - Answers Signal the athlete and then lift the bar off the supports. Which of the following exercises does not require one or more spotters? - Answers snatch As the bench press exercise is performed, the sticking point occurs at which of the following points within an athlete's range of motion? - Answers soon after the transition from the eccentric phase to the concentric phase An athlete performing which of the following workouts has the greatest need for a weight belt? - Answers back squat at 90% 1RM Which of the following factors is held constant during an accommodating resistance training exercise? - Answers speed of movement Which of the following is an advantage of machine-based training? - Answers enhanced ability to target specific muscle groups Which of the following is the best exercise to train the anatomical core musculature in individuals who want to improve sport performance? - Answers back squat Which of the following muscles are primarily trained during the single-leg Romanian deadlift exercise? - Answers gluteus maximus The single-leg Romanian deadlift can be performed with the weight held in the hand of the same side of the body as the support leg (_______) or in the hand of the opposite side of the body as the support leg (_______). - Answers ipsilateral; contralateral Which of the following techniques to flip a heavy-equipment tire commonly uses the narrowest hand position or grip? Correct! - Answers sumo Which of the following factors is held constant during a traditional resistance training exercise? - Answers external load Weaker individuals often display _______________ and may benefit from the use of unilateral training methods. - Answers bilateral deficits Which of the following does NOT occur when a ground-based free weight training exercise is performed on an unstable surface? - Answers need to perform other exercises decreases Which of the following is an advantage of variable-resistance training? - Answers matches the changes in joint leverage Which of the following is an antagonistic muscle group in the bench press exercise? - Answers rhomboids If an athlete is tested in the bench press and is found to have a 1RM of 220 pounds (100 kg), approximately what weight should this athlete lift if he is performing six repetitions per set? - Answers 185 pounds (85 kg) Which of the following is the best example of a pair of exercises that, when performed sequentially with little to no rest between them, constitute a compound set? - Answers upright row and shoulder press Which of the following best describes core exercises and assistance exercises, respectively? - Answers recruit one or more large muscle areas and receive priority when selecting exercises; recruit smaller muscle areas and are considered less important to improving sport performance Which of the following exercises requires the least amount of recovery time between training sessions? - Answers lateral raise Which of the following percentages of an athlete's 1RM should be assigned for a non-weightlifting multijoint exercise to maximize power output? - Answers 0-30% When developing a resistance training program, which of the following program design variables should be addressed first? - Answers needs analysis The acronym SAID stands for which of the following? - Answers specific adaptation to imposed demands Which of the following volumes has the greatest potential to increase muscular endurance? - Answers 5 sets of 15 repetitions All of the following influence an athlete's volume-load for a resistance training program - Answers weight lifted for each repetition number of repetitions performed per set number of sets completed The amount of force exerted during muscular contraction is dependent on the - Answers type of motor units recruited, the initial length of the muscle, and the nature of the neural stimulation Resistance training exercises performed on an unstable surface are BEST used in which of the following ways? - Answers during the rehabilitation process of a musculoskeletal injury Which of the following is a point of contact with the bench or the floor when an athlete is in the five-point body contact position? - Answers head, shoulders/upper back, buttocks, right foot, and left foot. You are focused on power with your volleyball athletes. Today's training session includes the following prescription: Power Snatch: 5 sets @ 75%1RM How many repetitions are you going to prescribe per set? - Answers 5 You have measured your athlete's 30yd dash time to be 4sec. You want him to run repeated 30yd sprints at 90% of maximal efforts. What time will you prescribe to complete each sprint repetition? - Answers 4.4 sec An athlete is training with repeated sprints of 200m with 90seconds of rest between reps. What energy system is most active? - Answers glycolysis