PHL 313/ PHI313 All Chapter's Quiz bank questions and answers | 100% updated 2025 - University of Dayton.

PHL 313/ PHI313 All Chapter's Quiz bank questions and answers | 100% updated 2025 - University of Dayton. CHAPTER 1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Norman Bowie explains Kant’s approach to ethics in terms of: a. Aesthetics and beauty b. The greatest happiness principle c. The notion that work is a regrettable duty d. The categorical imperative e. The Golden Rule 2. Kant formulates his ethical ideas in terms of: a. Utility b. Virtues c. Rules d. Feelings e. Relationships 3. W. D. Ross offers a list of duties to guide how we treat other people, which does not include: a. Justice b. Fidelity c. Pleasure d. Gratitude e. Beneficence 4. It is important for Hochschild’s discussion of service jobs that it is difficult to determine when: a. Trades are reasonable b. Places have different wages c. The job is done d. Work is done well e. Workers are paid fairly 5. Hochschild defines “emotional labor” as: a. Less useful than physical labor b. A problem of courtesy and civility c. Not important for business ethics d. Work that you feel strongly about e. Suppressing feelings to maintain an appearance 6. Barry says that advances in technology have changed workplace expression because: a. People talk on their cellphones at work. b. No one talks at the water cooler any more. c. There are new outlets for expression, like blogs and Internet forums. d. People use their work computers for private communication. e. It is easier to telecommute and work from home. 7. According to Barry, employment law in the United States: a. Is the most advanced in the world b. Is not sufficient to protect employees’ right to freedom of expression c. Ensures that no one can be fired for speaking freely d. Protects employees’ private political beliefs e. Prevents an employer from punishing an employee who speaks out 8. Keashly says that bullying behaviors are: a. Frequently repeated and prolonged over time b. Frequently repeated and physically violent c. Only engaged in by a boss or superior d. Only damaging to the person being bullied e. Very rare in the workplace 9. According to Keashly, how is bullying different from other kinds of conflict between coworkers? a. Bullying makes it hard to focus on your job. b. Bullying creates a power imbalance so that the target can’t fight back. c. Bullying is always personal and not related to the job. d. Bullying only affects one target, while other conflicts affect the whole office. e. Bullying happens mostly in cyberspace. 10. The Economist piece on “Doing Business in Dangerous Places” highlights how, for businesses with employees overseas: a. Safety risks are mostly under control. b. Employees are lied to about the risks associated with overseas work. c. Dangerous places are getting more dangerous. d. No good reasons justify the risks. e. Business is becoming less profitable. 11. The Economist article mentions all of these dangers EXCEPT: a. Disease b. Dangerous driving conditions c. Earthquakes d. Terrorist attacks e. Violent crime 12. According to Van Buren, who has a boundaryless career? a. Someone who works in lots of different countries around the world b. Someone who works for short periods for multiple different employers c. Someone who works outside of an office or cubicle d. Someone who stays with one organization by choice e. Someone who reaches the very top of his or her profession 13. According to Van Buren, the risk to the employee is: a. Not significant b. Not the employer’s problem c. The same in a boundaryless career as in a traditional career d. Lower in a boundaryless career e. Higher in a boundaryless career 14. According to the article “Facial Discrimination,” people judged unattractive were treated differently in studies of : a. Gambling behavior b. Self-destructive behavior c. Criminal behavior d. Dating behavior e. Helping behavior 15. Why is appearance discrimination different from other kinds of unfair discrimination? a. Because unattractive people don’t form a cohesive group b. Because it is hard to determine who is “attractive” and who is “unattractive” c. Because no court cases have yet challenged employers for appearance discrimination d. All of the above answers are correct. e. None of the above answers are correct. True/False Questions 1. Bowie claims that the idea of respecting persons has no place in the business world. 2. For Kant, it is the fact that human beings can make moral decisions that makes them worthy of respect. 3. Hochschild argues that in emotional labor, the product is often a state of mind. 4. Barry argues that freedom of expression in the workplace will prevent the economy from flourishing. 5. One of Barry’s examples is an employee who was fired because of the bumper sticker on her car. 6. Keashly believes it is possible for a subordinate to bully a boss. 7. Bullying usually does not escalate over time. 8. Companies send workers to dangerous places, the Economist observes, because where the risks are great, so are the rewards. 9. A boundaryless career is no more risky for an employee than a traditional career. 10. The Harvard Law Review states that qualified people are sometimes denied jobs because of their physical appearance. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. believes that persons are the only beings in this world who have dignity. 2. Bowie’s argument depends on respecting the of persons. 3. Hochschild is concerned about labor. 4. Barry is concerned about restrictions on a worker’s . 5. is a kind of workplace aggression 6. Employers sending workers to dangerous places should be about what they are doing. 7. Someone who works in many different employment settings over time has a career. 8. Van Buren believes that workers have a right to . 9. According to Van Buren, the skills that are valued in external labor markets are skills. 10. People considered unattractive often face . CHAPTER 2 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Carr compares business bluffing to what game? a. Backgammon b. Poker c. Solitaire d. Blackjack e. Chess 2. One criticism of Carr’s poker analogy is that: a. Business is competitive. b. Poker is an unethical game. c. The stakes are not high enough in poker. d. Not everyone plays poker. e. It oversimplifies business relationships. 3. One model in which Bowie argues bluffing has proved ineffective is in: a. The Supreme Court b. International trade regulations c. The Obama administration d. Labor relations e. Online businesses 4. For De Wine, effective feedback is directed toward behavior that: a. The receiver can change b. Creates the most amount of frustration for the client c. Criticizes indiscriminately d. Requires constant attention e. Gives an unprofessional impression 5. Sissela Bok argues that lying and secrecy are different because: a. They are both always wrong, but to different degrees. b. Secrecy always needs justification, unlike lying. c. Lies are intentionally hidden, as opposed to secrets. d. Lying is wrong, but secrecy is not always wrong. e. A secret can be shared between two or more people. 6. Bok feels that, in itself, secrecy is: a. Usually wrong b. Usually acceptable c. Neither wrong nor right d. Always wrong e. Always sacred 7. “You are always late for everything” is feedback of what kind? a. Descriptive b. Emotive c. Untimely d. Rude e. Interpretive 8. “Bullshitting,” for Frankfurt, requires a degree of: a. Craftsmanship b. Objective constraints c. Honor d. Truth-telling e. Laziness. 9. Lancaster says that being honest with your employees and customers can have what effect? a. Creating distrust when you admit to mistakes b. Reducing profitability, because your competitors are all bluffing to get ahead c. Reducing risk, because your employees will be more honest too d. Encouraging others to bullshit you, because they think you are gullible e. Creating loyalty and trust 10. Which of the following is not a factor in the fear of being caught lying? a. The liar’s amount of practice b. The fear of punishment c. The personality of the liar d. The emotional well-being of the liar e. Whether the lie is being told to someone considered gullible 11. Deception guilt refers to: a. Whether someone is guilty or innocent b. The gain and loss by the liar c. A feeling about lying d. Lying about one’s feelings e. A lie told to cover up one’s guilt 12. Solomon and Flores contend that talking about trust is necessary to: a. Appease shareholders b. Control customers c. Help justify lying d. Control employees e. Create trust 13. “Blind trust” is: a. Trust without a basis b. Trust with a good basis c. Unchallenged trust d. Trust that weighs pros and cons e. The best kind of trust 14. According to Frankel, one problem with allowing the market to regulate dishonesty is: a. Market corrections can be very costly. b. The market rewards dishonest behavior. c. The market cannot have any effect on honesty or dishonesty. d. Laws constraining the market are harmful to the economy. e. Congress refuses to pass laws that restrict the private sector. 15. Frankel believes that we must not compromise our ambition to: a. Become a just society b. Become a free society c. Become a trusting society d. Become a prosperous society e. Become an honest society True/False Questions 1. Carr argues that the business world could not operate without trust. 2. Bowie argues that it pays to bluff in business. 3. An ethical problem with bluffing in business is that business is part of society, and society views bluffing as wrong. 4. Bok offers criteria for defining secrecy. 5. De Wine claims that “useful content” is important to effective feedback. 6. Feedback is most useful at the earliest opportunity after the given behavior has occurred. 7. If you are a business owner, it is important to be honest with yourself about what you want from your business. 8. A fear of being caught need not cause lies to fail and may even help deceivers succeed. 9. According to Solomon and Flores, authentic trust does not have to be discussed or questioned. 10. According to Frankel, morality is inborn and cannot be taught. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. Carr’s analogy illustrates why business bluffing is acceptable. 2. Nietzsche argues that some is necessary for life. 3. Bowie argues that is not a good analogy for business. 4. Bok argues that two concepts distinct from lying, namely, secrecy and , need not necessarily overlap. 5. Evaluative, interpretive, and are three types of feedback offered by De Wine. 6. Frankfurt discusses the moral implications of . 7. Lancaster argues that honesty with customers and employees can create . 8. Ekman and Frank argue that liars are not always able to lie about their . 9. Solomon and Flores discuss simple, blind, and authentic in their article. 10. According to Frankel, if too many people stop trusting the market, they will leave it, and the market will . CHAPTER 3 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. According to Robert Solomon, planning for the good life begins with: a. Planning for your career b. Good luck c. Planning to get married d. Asking yourself questions about your needs and ideals e. Having friends 2. Aristotle’s ethics primarily examines what is good in terms of: a. Depression b. Happiness c. Rules and logic d. The human spirit e. Duty 3. Ciulla mentions four values that guide our choices about work. Which of these is NOT one of them? a. Meaningful, important, interesting work b. Leisure time c. Money d. Prestige e. Security 4. In Ciulla’s article about work and life, she defines an instrumental activity as one that is: a. Done in leisure time, not for pay b. Important for one’s happiness in life c. Chosen after careful thought d. Pleasurable for its own sake e. A means to an end 5. An “epicurean” is someone who lives for: a. Pain b. Happiness c. Pleasure d. Masochism e. Others 6. Epicurus argues that pleasure is: a. Sensuality b. Drinking and reveling c. Sober reasoning d. The satisfaction of lusts e. Leisure 7. Carnegie thinks that it is essential that the basic laws of the market: a. Be regulated b. Be controlled in the interest of the many c. Be regulated by government d. Be studied and analyzed e. Be left free 8. Carnegie argues that most dollars spent in charity in his own day are: a. Ill-gotten b. Wasted c. Wisely invested d. Redistributed e. Given out of guilt 9. Schimmel argues that greed is a cause of much: a. Happiness b. Success c. Well-being d. Self-deception e. Unhappiness 10. Greed is also known as: a. Avarice b. Penury c. Frugality d. Caritas e. Hedonism 11. Ciulla compares the experience of teens who work to pay for college or to help support their families to the experience of teens who work to buy luxury items. She concludes: a. Working for a lasting, meaningful goal may be more satisfying. b. Working to buy things for yourself may be more satisfying. c. The reason for working is not as important as the kind of work chosen. d. The work experience is different for students, who can quit when the summer is over. e. Teens who work more hours spend less time drinking. 12. Bertrand Russell here insists that the wise use of the products of civilization and education is the wise use of: a. Leisure b. Money c. Work d. Learning e. Natural resources 13. McFall argues that integrity is a personal virtue with implications that are: a. Financial b. Selfish c. Physical d. Social e. Irrelevant 14. The commitments that, for McFall, reflect what we take to be most important in life are commitments about: a. Truth b. Morality c. Knowledge d. Identity e. Honesty 15. Impersonal interests are a. Exciting, because you invest your whole life in them b. Irritating, because your conscious mind is never allowed to relax c. Exhausting, because you have to make quick decisions d. Relaxing, because you don’t have to make decisions or take action e. Inspiring, because they make you work harder True/False Questions 1. Business ethics is not really concerned with “doing the right thing.” 2. Eudoxus argues that pleasure is at the heart of the good. 3. Choices about work may require a trade-off between meaningful work, leisure time, money, and security. 4. Epicurus maintains that pleasure is the point of all good activities. 5. Carnegie argues that “the problem of rich and poor” can be solved through taxation and regulation. 6. Solomon Schimmel argues that “greed is good.” 7. Bertrand Russell argues that idleness is a vice. 8. We can understand work as a trade people make of leisure for consumption. 9. Integrity, for McFall, includes making the virtues “cohere.” 10. Russell asserts that people should spend more time on their major interests and less time on “impersonal interests.” Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. Ciulla argues that Aristotle believed leisure was necessary for . 2. Solomon believes a plan for means “something more than listing one’s career ambitions.” 3. McFall states that one requirement of integrity is that an agent subscribe to a set of principles and commitments. 4. For Russell, what is restful about is the fact that they do not call for any action. 5. Aristotle argues that completes the best activities. 6. Epicurus argues that is the first good and natural to humans. 7. Carnegie argues that the problem of is the “problem of our age.” 8. Schimmel believes that greed causes unhappiness, but it is hard to discourage because it is rarely perceived as . 9. Aristotle and Epicurus agreed that thoughtful pleasure leads to . 10. The creature that Ciulla uses to represent meaningful work that benefits the world is the . CHAPTER 4 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. According to Loomis, the wrongful booking of sales looks a lot like: a. Good bookkeeping b. The new financing c. “Old accounting” d. Outright fraud e. Innocent mistakes 2. One ethical question that PricewaterhouseCoopers encourages its employees to ask is: a. Is it legal? b. How would it look in the papers? c. Does it feel right? d. Can you sleep at night? e. All of the above 3. The accounting firm that did the (ethically and financially flawed) audits for Enron was: a. PricewaterhouseCoopers b. Arthur Andersen c. Deloitte and Touch d. Ernst and Young e. None of the above 4. When considering naïve or at-risk investors, Frederick and Hoffman believe that some acts are justified. a. illegal b. immoral c. paternalistic d. savvy e. reckless 5. Information asymmetry refers to the fact either that all parties to a transaction do not possess the same information or that they: a. Do not have the same access to information b. Cannot make the same use of information c. Are not protected by the same laws of information d. Do not possess the same information technology e. Have misappropriated information 6. The fact that insiders have a strong incentive to keep their information to themselves is, Moore says, an objection to insider trading that is: a. Trivial b. Serious c. Weak d. Flawed e. Both (c) and (d) 7. Proponents of insider trading refer to it as a crime that is: a. Vicious b. Heinous c. Victimless d. Invisible e. Major 8. The dubious accounting practice of hiding reserves for unexpected problems is called putting money in: a. A cookie jar b. A sock c. A rat hole d. A squirrel nest e. Under the mattress 9. Partnoy tells the story of Victor Niederhoffer, a notorious trader in: a. Derivatives b. Stocks and bonds c. Real estate d. Foreign currency e. Mortgage-backed securities 10. Fund managers can hide risk from shareholders by the use of: a. Stocks and bonds b. Puts and calls c. Derivatives d. Mutual funds e. Rogue traders 11. Farrell claims that the “derivatives bubble” was fueled by key economic and political trends. Which of the following is NOT one of those trends? a. Sarbanes-Oxley increased corporate disclosures and government oversight. b. The Federal Reserve’s cheap money policies deflated the value of the U.S. dollar. c. War budgets burdened the U.S. Treasury and future entitlements programs. d. Trade deficits with China and others destroyed the value of the U.S. dollar. e. All of these were relevant trends. 12. Former employees of Arthur Andersen point to a number of reasons for the accounting firm’s downfall, NOT including: a. A willingness to bend the rules b. An idea that the good economy would never end c. Changes to accounting in the 1980s and 1990s d. Board members not providing appropriate oversight of management e. A different business model from that of other firms 13. In “The Running of the Hedgehogs,” Duff McDonald explains that hedge funds: a. Are unregulated investments b. Are relatively regulated investments c. Charge reasonable fees to average Americans d. Never make their investors any money e. Will return investors’ money any time they want 14. Over time, banking has changed in which way? a. There are now cashless interactions, in which money is moved directly between accounts. b. Banks now keep only a fraction of their capital on hand and lend out the rest. c. The link between money and precious metal has been broken. d. Both (a) and (c) e. All of (a), (b), and (c) 15. What was different about the old business model depicted in the movie It’s a Wonderful Life, according to Ferguson? a. There were social ties between lenders and borrowers. b. Businesses and banks were more honest. c. There were fewer investment opportunities then. d. S&Ls could invest in anything they liked, not just mortgages. e. People were more optimistic and trusted the market. True/False Questions 1. Managing earnings means adjusting the company’s stated expenses and income to make the company’s finances look better than they are. 2. Some employees of Arthur Andersen said that the accounting profession as a whole has lost its place as the moral compass of the business world. 3. All investors are expert investors. 4. An advocate of market fairness will likely appeal to the concept of a “level playing field.” 5. Victims of fraud or abuse by financial services firms rarely have recourse to the courts. 6. All thinkers here agree that insider trading can never contribute to the health of the market. 7. Partnoy argues that once traders have lost $50 million or so, they tend to stop taking risks. 8. Farrell shows that derivatives are only a very small part of the global economy. 9. Hedge funds could never create systematic panic in the market. 10. Americans carry an increasing amount of consumer debt. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. The type of individual investor business ethicists tend to worry about is the investor. 2. Fairness in financial markets is often expressed by the concept of a playing field. 3. A person who is entrusted to act in the interests of another (an “agent”) has a duty to the other. 4. Moore offers two arguments against . 5. Aristotle argues that is the key to virtue and therefore to human happiness. 6. Employee investors are often unaware of the amount of taken by employees to maintain a fund. 7. Many accounting scandals have their roots in the practice known as , whereby companies try (sometimes illegally) to meet Wall Street expectations. 8. In addition to seeing their portfolios as themselves personified, hedge fund managers also think constantly of . 9. Farrell’s article states that a bubble is driving the economy. 10. Newton and Schmidt point out that there is no statutory of insider trading. CHAPTER 5 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Two basic kinds of justice are distributive and: a. Social b. Legal c. Economic d. Retributive e. Collaborative 2. In the excerpt from Plato’s Republic, Glaucon asserts that one way justice and injustice have been described is as: a. Kind and mean b. Right and wrong c. Good and evil d. Beautiful and ugly e. Praising and censuring 3. Adam Smith argues that the division of labor results from: a. Human differences b. Deliberate human planning c. Public ownership d. Legislation e. Independence 4. As discussed in the Latin Trade article, Wal-Mart is sometimes criticized for: a. Lying to its employees b. Deceptive advertising practices c. Paying low wages overseas d. Violations of antitrust law e. Selling low-quality products 5. Ciulla states that ethically, we must be aware that we can barter our: a. Consent b. Happiness c. Service d. Belongings e. Freedom 6. The philosopher John Rawls is concerned about social and economic inequalities, but NOT that they are: a. Chosen behind a veil of ignorance b. Based upon the wisdom of history c. Attached to positions and offices open to all d. Compatible with liberty e. Merely hypothetical 7. Robert Nozick argues that to make sense of the idea of justice in owning property, we must be able to explain all of the following, but NOT how: a. Property is transferred from one owner to another b. Ownership is compatible with freedom c. Ownership rights are originally acquired d. Distributive justice can be achieved e. Wilt Chamberlain can get people to pay extra for watching him play 8. Peter Singer explains the idea of absolute poverty as NOT including: a. A life expectancy one-third lower than the average. b. A 60 percent lower adult literacy rate c. An infant mortality rate eight times higher than average d. Increased violence e. Acceptable nutrition levels 9. Irving Kristol argues that capitalism is ethical because it allows: a. Equal opportunity b. Social justice c. Equal distribution of goods d. Fair outcomes e. Government regulation 10. One purpose of Occupy Wall Street was to make Americans more aware of: a. The virtues of socialism b. The recession c. The financial crisis d. How much better it is to own your own home e. How unequal the country is economically 11. Hayek believes that the market should: a. Be absolutely free b. Be free in most cases, but also always just c. Be subservient to the needs of the society d. Be compatible with justice, but free e. Use coercion to change society 12. One of Hayek’s criticisms of socialism is that it prevents: a. Different groups from having differing views about justice b. People from pursuing technological progress c. The market from sharing social costs with “free riders” d. Central planners from using available statistics e. Investors from making money 13. “Hollywood-style economics” focuses on what factor as the most important for individual economic gain? a. Beauty b. Ability c. Connections d. Talent e. Reputation 14. According to Gerald McEntee, which of the following helps explain the wage gap between men and women? a. The later entry of women into the workforce b. The inability of women to perform as well as men c. Women’s tendency to leave the workforce to have children d. Illegal discrimination against women e. All of the above 15. Breining believes that the wealthiest 1 percent of Americans got rich: a. Mostly by good business skills b. Mostly by luck c. Mostly by dishonest means d. Mostly by exploiting workers e. Mostly by hard work and common sense True/False Questions 1. The Ring of Gyges causes you to be omniscient, or “all-knowing.” 2. Smith insists on the importance and usefulness of human differences and human exchange. 3. The Latin Trade article argues that Wal-Mart perpetuates injustice in Latin America. 4. Locke insists that we own neither our own labor nor our own “freedom.” 5. Rawls argues that the distribution of wealth and income in a society, once formed, should always be “absolutely equal.” 6. Nozick believes that people’s past actions help determine what they are entitled to. 7. Singer argues that poorer nations could produce far more food and products if they made use of modern agricultural techniques. 8. Kristol argues that the belief in “perfect equality” is “a natural belief” that we all share. 9. Hayek contends that a free market society should strive always to financially assist the least advantaged members of that society (through taxation, for example). 10. Gracia is concerned that many executives pay too much attention to short-term gains and not enough to the long-term good of the company. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. Smith argues that the division of is a consequence of human nature—the propensity to “truck, barter and exchange” one thing for another. 2. Ciulla states that the difference between indentured servitude and slavery lies with . 3. One of Rawls’s principles requires in the assignment of rights and duties. 4. Nozick argues that the entitlement theory of justice in distribution is . 5. Singer argues for an obligation to alleviate . 6. Kristol states that social justice is an concept. 7. Hayek argues that social inevitably becomes a disruptive force. 8. Gracia worries about the behavior of corporate . 9. Comparable worth is a response to -based wage discrimination. 10. is a movement concerned with the increasing inequality between rich and poor. CHAPTER 6 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Milton Friedman argues that the justification for permitting stockholders to hire corporate executives is that an executive is an agent serving the interests of: a. Society b. The stockholders c. The common good d. Social welfare e. Themselves 2. Friedman argues that the corporate executive should avoid: a. Spending someone else’s money for a social interest b. Spending his or her own money for a social interest c. Having social interests outside of business d. Using money earned from business to fund social causes e. Having opinions about social justice issues 3. According to Friedman, the relationship between a corporate executive and a stockholder is a relationship of: a. Agent to principal b. Principal to agent c. Agent to executive d. Executive to agent e. Boss to employee 4. In the context of Stone’s discussion of arguments about the social responsibility of business, the argument that the management of a corporation promises the shareholders that it will maximize the shareholders’ profits and therefore cannot spend resources on other concerns is called the: a. Agency argument b. Role argument c. Promissory argument d. Polestar argument e. Responsibility argument 5. Stone contends that the debate over corporate social responsibility often ignores a truth about human behavior, namely, that we generally expect human beings to act in a way calculated to: a. Maximize profits b. Benefit only themselves c. Consider all stakeholders d. Benefit others e. Benefit no one 6. French says that when we say a corporation has an intention to do something, we are: a. Using shorthand, because really only persons can have intentions b. Speaking literally, because a corporation can really have an intention c. Talking nonsense, because that sentence makes no literal sense d. Being unfair, because we are holding a corporation responsible e. Being dishonest, because we are not holding the individual persons responsible 7. What is a CID structure? a. A corporation’s responsibility flow chart and rules for decision making b. A corporation’s ethical codes and guidelines c. Governmental regulations that corporations must obey d. A philosophical theory that defines ethical corporate action e. Standards that a corporation must live up to in order to be a responsible agent 8. French thinks that the CID structure is important because it helps us determine: a. Whether a corporation is making a profit or not b. Whether a group of people is really a corporation c. Which executives to hold responsible for fraud d. Whether a corporation is just or unjust e. Whether a corporation is acting, or just some individuals 9. R. Edward Freeman argues in favor of the ethical responsibility of the modern corporation in terms of: a. Shareholders b. Profit maximization c. Stakeholders d. Employee governance e. Legal regulations 10. R. Edward Freeman argues that externalities, moral hazards, and monopoly power have led to more control of corporate decisions by: a. Capitalist values, like money-making b. Socialist values, like collectivity c. Internal stakeholders, like employees d. Internal controls, like boards of directors e. Outside forces, like the government 11. Arrow insists that Milton Friedman’s profit-maximization arguments could only work in a world of: a. Rampant exploitation b. Monopoly power c. Voluntary contracts d. Minimal market transparency e. Perfectly moral agents 12. Arrow argues that business might well improve its efficiency through the adoption of: a. A professional ethical code b. An employee charter c. A sales manifesto d. A business plan e. A shareholder theory 13. Why does Parker think that Berle’s 1932 book is relevant now? a. Berle predicted that there would be a financial crash in 2008. b. Berle thought that controls on the free market would prevent crashes like those in 1929 and 2008. c. Berle thought that financial crashes like those in 1929 and 2008 are inevitable. d. Berle argued for a completely free market, agreeing with Friedman. e. Berle wanted to break down the corporate system and create more small businesses. 14. Marcoux thinks that the idea of corporate social responsibility is: a. Basically compatible with capitalism b. Basically hostile toward capitalism c. An important step toward a better society d. An ethical foundation for capitalism e. The only possible way to bring ethics into business 15. What is the “equity capital” problem that Marcoux mentions? a. If corporate law is too restrictive, businesses cannot serve the greater good. b. If businesses consider the interests of all stakeholders, their profits may go down. c. If businesses consider only the short-term interests of shareholders, the health of the company may be compromised. d. If businesses consider the interests of all stakeholders, their employees may be exploited. e. If businesses consider the interests of all stakeholders, the value of shares will go down. True/False Questions 1. Business ethics was first developed in the nineteenth century. 2. Milton Friedman thinks that businesses should spend their money to bring about the greatest good for society. 3. Friedman argues that businesspeople are like agents for stockholders. 4. Stone finds the so-called promissory argument to be both widespread and persuasive. 5. Freeman argues in favor of a stakeholder theory of the modern corporation. 6. A stakeholder is a group or individual who benefits from or is harmed by corporate actions. 7. In general, the moral code (or codes) followed by a society in which a firm does business should be reflected in the business practices of that firm. 8. For the purposes of the law, a corporation is often treated as a kind of person. 9. The chief alternative to stakeholder theory is the traditional model of managerial capitalism. 10. Marcoux is in favor of allowing politics and interest groups into the boardroom, so that everyone can have a voice. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. Friedman argues, controversially, that the social responsibility of business is to increase . 2. Stone presents the argument against corporate social responsibility, which says that businesses have promised stockholders to maximize profit. 3. The argument against corporate social responsibility, Stone asserts, argues that so long as managers act to maximize profits as if they had been told to do so, then this approach is really in everyone’s best interests. 4. Peter French analyzes corporate moral responsibility in terms of notions of individual moral for voluntary actions. 5. R. Edward Freeman challenges the assumption of the primacy of the in the corporation. 6. The idea of capitalism is that in return for controlling the firm, management vigorously pursues the interests of stockholders. 7. Arrow argues that profit maximization points away from the expression of motives. 8. Berle argues that government regulation of the market is the only way to prevent another . 9. Marcoux argues that theory, though popular, is misguided. 10. The Mondragon Cooperative is located in . CHAPTER 7 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. An ancient Roman who wrote about the ethics of buying and selling was: a. Seneca b. Ovid c. Lucretius d. Cicero e. Virgil 2. Deborah Johnson argues that it is unethical to copy proprietary software because: a. Creating software is easy. b. Copyright laws are unclear. c. Software is property. d. Software is not a natural resource. e. Both (c) and (d) 3. Using ’s theory of property, a software developer could argue that the program she developed is rightfully hers because she created it with her labor. a. Aristotle b. Locke c. De George d. Nietzsche e. Cicero 4. Many discussions of property rights, Johnson asserts, assume that property is not merely a matter of what is useful, but rather a matter of: a. Power b. Privilege c. Nature d. Socialism e. Justice 5. Elizabeth Buchanan worries about information transfer across a major geographical divide and the inequities (especially information and technological inequities) that exist across that divide. The divide she is concerned about is: a. East–West b. North–South c. “Old Europe”–“New Europe” d. “Blue State”–“Red State” e. urban areas–rural areas 6. Elizabeth Buchanan argues that it “smacks of imperialism and colonialism” to continually neglect developing nations as potential suppliers of: a. Raw materials b. Human labor c. Work d. Internet users e. Information 7. Elizabeth Buchanan insists that countries should make their own decisions regarding the flow of information. a. developing b. industrialized c. European d. Western e. democratic 8. Thompson mentions the possible use of mind-invading technology for all of these reasons EXCEPT: a. Help with criminal investigations b. Checking out potential partners before a first date c. Performance reviews in the workplace d. Figuring out terrorist plots e. Advertising 9. Kluckhorn’s definition of culture does NOT include: a. The total way of life for a people b. The social legacy an individual inherits from his group c. A way of thinking, feeling, and believing d. Mechanisms for the regulation of behavior e. Arts such as opera, ballet, and theater 10. Groom and Nass think that robots cannot be teammates because: a. Humans cannot trust robots in the same way they trust humans. b. Robots do not have “mental models” like humans do. c. Humans expect “humanness” from their teammates. d. Both (a) and (c) e. All of (a), (b), and (c) 11. If a robot is not identified as a full teammate, humans may treat it merely as: a. A friend b. A tool c. An agent of full moral capacity d. An entertainer e. A toy 12. Groom and Nass argue that teams adopt shared goals because forming teams to achieve shared goals makes it easier to achieve: a. Individual goals b. Robot goals c. Corporate goals d. Aesthetic ideals e. Human goals 13. Joy introduces the term “KMD,” which refers to: a. Kantian methodology b. Knowledge-enabled mass destruction c. Knowledge motivational demands d. Kapital mehr denken e. None of the above 14. The dystopias that Joy discusses are possible worlds in which: a. We no longer have any technology as a result of global disaster. b. The Internet destroys all distinct human cultures and makes us uniform. c. We focus on technology and forget to protect the ecosystem. d. Machines have power over humans or outcompete them. e. We have no incentive to create technology because of weak property laws. 15. Joy argues that we must find alternative outlets for forces of: a. Nature b. Morals c. Creativity d. Technology e. Evil True/False Questions 1. One way property is created is by law. 2. Locke argues that leisure creates property. 3. Federal copyright protection is for the lifetime of the author plus seventy-five years. 4. Bentham introduced the idea of a Panopticon, from which guards could monitor any prison cell. 5. Johnson argues that copying proprietary software is unethical because it deprives someone of his or her legal rights. 6. Buchanan discusses the idea of information inequity in her essay “Information Ethics in a Worldwide Context.” 7. Buchanan argues that the Internet encourages “sameness,” a desirable quality for the worldwide community. 8. Groom and Nass believe that robots could someday become good teammates for humans. 9. Joy believes we are on the cusp of the perfection of extreme evil. 10. Joy believes the only realistic alternative to the issues of technology and mass destruction is relinquishment of certain technologies. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. does not argue that hacking is merely one way but argues indeed that hacking is “the best way” to learning about computer security. 2. De George worries that many businesses have their “heads in the sand” about the fact that we have entered the . 3. Sun Microsystems founder certainly does not see a future utopia coming from the hastened development of today’s technologies. 4. One of Richard de George’s “Seven Theses for Business Ethics and the Information Age” is that the Disney character “ isn’t a program.” 5. A(n) “ ” is suspicious of technology. 6. Johnson uses ’s theory of property and ownership to defend proprietary ownership of computer software. 7. worries that the Internet might perpetuate inequity worldwide. 8. One of the hardest problems in developing human-robot teams is establishing . 9. A(n) is an embedded invisible picture on a computer screen that tracks everything one does on a particular website. CHAPTER 8 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Galbraith claims that as we satisfy more of our wants, the urgency of our wants does not: a. Increase b. Diminish c. Change d. Improve 2. Galbraith argues that an individual’s wants must originate with: a. Himself b. Desire c. Society d. Advertising 3. Galbraith argues that as a society becomes increasingly affluent, the process of satisfying our wants in turn: a. Satisfies all our needs b. Creates more wants c. Influences our needs d. Manipulates people 4. Hayek writes that “the joint but uncoordinated efforts” of consumers create one element of the environment by which: a. Consumer choices are shaped b. Advertisers sell to people c. Advertisers manipulate people d. The law regulates production 5. Hayek criticizes Galbraith’s argument about advertising as: a. Liberal b. Fascist c. Distributivist d. Socialist 6. Shell and Moussa outline four steps to “wooing.” Which of the following is NOT one of those four main steps? a. Survey your situation. b. Confront the five barriers. c. Tune to the other person’s channel. d. Make your pitch. 7. To Shell and Moussa, what matters most about ethical marketing? a. The autonomy of consumers b. Character and purpose c. Total consumption of goods d. Dishonesty in sales practices 8. Shell and Moussa’s ten questions for would-be wooers do NOT include: a. What is the five-minute summary of my idea? b. What is my goal for this encounter? c. What is the basis for my credibility with this person? d. What is my desired profit margin? 9. According to Goldman, the first thinker to explain the market mechanism underlying efficiency of resource allocation was: a. Karl Marx b. Aristotle c. Adam Smith d. Kenneth Galbraith 10. According to Alan Goldman, providing relevant knowledge of the existence, quality, and price of products is one of the main alleged benefits of: a. Advertising b. The free market c. Socialism d. Computers 11. Alan Goldman argues that “if advertisements are to be justified as sources of information for consumers,” then they must not be: a. Coercive b. Compelling c. Interesting d. Deceptive 12. Advertising is often defended as a form of: a. Free speech b. Desire manufacturing c. Social respect d. Deception 13. According to Leslie Savan, the chief expectation of the sponsored life is regular blips of: a. Sex and money b. Lies and truth c. Watching and doing d. Excitement and resolution 14. Savan argues that we don’t buy products, we buy the: a. Company that presents them b. World that presents them c. Metaphysical reality that presents them d. Image of ourselves that we would have for ourselves 15. In Case 8.1, Tom Daner was unwilling to advertise: a. Military toys for children b. Children’s toys with lead paint c. Toys with obvious choking hazards d. Barbie dolls True/False Questions 1. To deter harm in selling, one simple test is to avoid practices that benefit yourself by causing direct harm to others. 2. Leslie Savan doubts that we are living “a sponsored life.” 3. Savan believes we participate in our own seduction. 4. In Chapter 8, we see evidence that lying by salespeople to their customers might be increasingly encouraged by the employers of salespeople. 5. Galbraith insists that advertising merely provides information to the consumer; thus, the consumer “depends” on this information to make good, rational choices. 6. All of the authors in Chapter 8 agree that advertisers should not knowingly mislead consumers about the nature of their products. 7. Caveat emptor is the principle that states, loosely, “Let the buyer beware.” 8. Savan recommends viewing advertisements as though you were an “outsider,” especially when watching ads that flatter you for being an outsider. 9. Hayek argues that “the dependence effect” in advertising, if it exists, is no more pernicious than our dependence on the influence of others around us to determine what we think is, for example, good or bad art. 10. Goldman thinks that advertising has no justification in a market economy. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. A deep issue in the ethical theory of advertising is the question of whether or not advertising subverts our . 2. insists that many of our desires are manufactured, not only by advertising, but by many different social powers. 3. A common justification of advertising is that it provides useful about products and services. 4. Some economists have argued that advertising actually facilitates the entry of new into the marketplace. 5. According to Goldman, advertisements can only be justified if they are . 6. Shell and Moussa are concerned with and in selling ideas. 7. Hayek remarks that the of a person is shaped in large measure by a person’s cultural environment. 8. When we speak of the dependence effect, we are referring to the worry that some of our desires are . 9. contends that we must learn to distinguish the big lies from the little lies in advertising. 10. Savan argues that our souls have been by advertising and consumer culture. CHAPTER 9 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The introduction to Chapter 9 argues that tort liability is influenced by the fact that when something goes wrong, people want to: a. Blame someone b. Harm the wrongdoer c. Help the injured d. Defend the injured 2. John Nesmith argues that reason is often not as strong as: a. Passion b. Money c. Love d. Fear 3. Huber discusses “the Founders,” meaning: a. The Founding Fathers b. The first moral theorists c. The founders of modern tort law d. The original theorists of deep ecology 4. Product liability problems are vexing in part because they have a huge impact on the costs of: a. Insurance for producers b. Insurance for attorneys c. Insurance for doctors d. A college education 5. Modic argues that “the first major crisis in the tort law/auto insurance system arose in the 1970s” with the proposal for a kind of auto insurance known as: a. Full coverage b. Limited tort c. No-fault d. UM/UIM 6. A crucial case for Huber is the defective Shopsmith in: a. Posner b. Calabresi c. Prosser d. Greenman 7. The tort law-liability insurance system started going sour, some believe, with the massive increase, following World War II, in: .a Chemical production .b Nuclear power .c Automobile ownership .d Lawsuits 8. Thomson considers this rule: liability is to be shared between the actual harm-causer and anyone else who acted: a. Defensively b. Reasonably c. Justly d. Negligently 9. Fairlie argues that the competitiveness of the American economy, as well as the legal system and its judicial philosophy, is threatened by: a. Tort law b. Business ethics c. Bribery d. Insurance 10. Burger argues that our society is drowning in: a. Luxury goods b. Financial dominance c. Litigation d. Immorality 11. According to John Nesmith’s article, David Ropeik, of the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis, believes the greatest risk to Americans is: a. Automobiles. b. Handguns c. Dirty indoor air d. Obesity 12. Nesmith points out that we do not normally fear something more if: a. It can kill us suddenly. b. We are not in control of it. c. It is manmade. d. It is voluntary rather than imposed. 13. According to Dowie, Ford did not change the design of the Pinto’s fuel tank because: a. They did not believe it was dangerous. b. They performed a cost-benefit analysis that showed no financial benefit in doing so. c. They performed an engineering analysis that showed there was no way to do so. d. They did not know how to create a safer fuel tank. 14. Werhane’s main point about the Pinto case is that: a. Ford was completely innocent of wrongdoing. b. Ford was completely responsible for the deaths caused by Pintos. c. A powerful narrative like Dowie’s article can skew our perception of the facts. d. A powerful narrative like Dowie’s article can bring the truth to a wider audience. 15. Sullivan’s article explores the idea that “fine print” in an agreement: a. Is not a contract b. Is not necessary to protect companies c. Is for the consumer’s own benefit d. Is an example of freedom of speech True/False Questions 1. Huber argues that tort liability has in effect created a new kind of tax on almost every product we buy in America. 2. Modic hopes that Congress will pass a cap on damage amounts in certain kinds of tort suits. 3. The relationship between causation and liability is a simple issue, with no complexity. 4. Fairlie thinks that Americans ought to have a much greater “fear of living” than they presently do; Americans, he argues, must become more “risk averse.” 5. Justice Burger holds the legal profession responsible for the expensive mess that liability and the torts system have become in contemporary America. 6. Dowie explains that Ford did the morally responsible thing when they immediately recalled the dangerous Pinto. 7. The Rashomon effect refers to the story (and name) of the famous Iroquois chief who was tossed from a waterfall when defeated in battle near Ithaca, New York. 8. Like Dowie, Werhane studied Ford to show how that company could “do the right thing” despite the enormous expense involved. 9. Thomson argues that freedom of action is the only thing we value. 10. Nesmith points out that many of our fears are irrational, and that this leads society to waste huge sums of money preventing or avoiding risks that we do not substantially incur. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. A central example of risk calculation and liability gone wrong examined by two thinkers in this chapter is the . 2. We are less fearful of acetone if it comes as an ingredient in a product we like, such as . 3. Fairlie argues that the American fear of adds to the problem of tort liability in America. 4. Werhane introduces her notion of the “ effect.” 5. Justice argues that the tort liability system has spiraled out of control because of the legal profession. 6. Tort liability results in many individuals and corporations being priced out of the market. 7. can cause headaches, depression, seizures, and visual impairment. 8. outlines the complex relationship between causation and liability. 9. Ropeik argues that we often the wrong things and thus spend money to protect ourselves from less important harms. 10. Contracts typically can be , unlike fine print or boilerplate, which is usually on a “take it or leave it” basis. CHAPTER 10 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Bok argues that whistle-blowing is expressly claimed to benefit: a. The public b. A company c. Only the whistle-blower d. The law 2. Davis argues that a whistle-blower must reveal information that an organization does not want revealed, and that what any actual organization wants is: a. Obvious b. Debatable c. Expensive d. Unfair 3. Davis argues that few, if any, whistle-blowers are mere third parties like: a. Roger Boisjoly b. The good Samaritan c. Richard Posner d. Sherron Watkins 4. Davis argues that any good theory of justified whistle-blowing must recognize the typical whistle-blower’s: a. Duplicity b. Complicity c. Usefulness d. Innocence 5. Duska argues for “the cold hard truth” that companies are birthed and formed by a concern for: a. Loyalty b. Fraternity c. Fellowship d. Profit 6. Duska argues that the idea of loyalty to a company requires us to think of that company as a person with a goal of: a. Maximizing profits b. Human fulfillment c. Team cooperation d. Shared excellence 7. Bok argues that a whistle-blower’s accusation should concern: a. An imminent threat b. An unlikely outcome c. An explicit catastrophe d. A covert program 8. Davis argues that publicly revealing what one knows breaks the bond of: a. Fraternity b. Loyalty c. Complicity d. Deception. 9. Yardley suggests that blowing the whistle might sometimes turn the whistle-blower into: a. A scapegoat b. A martyr c. A victim d. A celebrity 10. For Soles, the view of loyalty that “more satisfactorily captures the everyday sense of loyalty with which most of us are familiar” is referred to as: a. Idealist b. Common sense c. Minimalist d. Normal 11. Randels argues that the standard account of business presents serious barriers to the idea of loyalty in the business context, because business tends to focus on the individual and: a. Self-interest b. Community effort c. Group norms d. Coalition-building 12. Randels argues that balancing one’s loyalties requires “a personal sense of wholeness,” which he labels: a. Virtue b. Happiness c. Integrity d. Fidelity 13. Bok points out that sometimes whistle-blowers may only be: a. Vengeful b. Delusional c. Paranoid d. All of the above 14. Zetter refers to Ariely as a “people hacker” because: a. He manipulates people. b. He learns people’s secrets. c. He studies the ways humans behave. d. He punishes people for cheating. 15. In one study, Ariely had subjects recite the Ten Commandments before participating, and he found that: a. Subjects identifying as Christian were more honest because they knew the Commandments. b. Subjects of all religions became more honest, because all religions have similar ethics. c. Even atheists became more honest, because they were reminded of their own moral standards. d. The Commandments made no difference in the outcome of the study. True/False Questions 1. Davis argues that the principle of a “minimally decent Samaritan” can account for all of the important difficulties of whistle-blowing. 2. Duska argues that loyalty to a corporation is probably misguided. 3. Pulitzer insists that secrecy is crucial for all different kinds of “vice,” “crime,” and “swindle.” 4. Soles argues that an employee’s loyalty to an employer is “mostly dangerous nonsense.” 5. Solomon and Martin advocate a return to “blind loyalty,” given that the more recent swing to “earned loyalty” has had negative results. 6. Bok argues that for whistle-blowing to be effective, it must rouse its audience. 7. Davis uses “complicity theory” to solve the paradoxes of whistle-blowing. 8. Randels argues that “loyal persons will perform certain duties and possess certain virtues.” 9. Ariely outlines exactly what makes a whistle-blower blow the whistle. 10. Martin Luther King would likely have opposed whistle-blowing on the grounds of the importance of secrecy. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. explains paradoxes of whistle-blowing and uses different theories of the morality of whistle-blowing to attempt to unravel these paradoxes. 2. Davis argues that the “ theory” is best suited to solving the paradoxes of whistle-blowing. 3. argues that whistle-blowing presents no real moral conflicts because a company is not the sort of thing to which one can owe . 4. Soles discusses the idealist, the common sense, the “norm,” and the accounts of . 5. In this chapter, Bok provides a thorough analysis of the concept of . 6. is the famous whistle-blower associated with Enron. 7. Ethical whistle-blowing depends on the notion that there is some information that the public is . 8. thinks everyone cheats a little bit, here and there. 9. Bok argues that effective whistle-blowing must arouse its . 10. Randels says that according to the standard account of business, one must choose over loyalty. CHAPTER 11 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Globalization means we are all becoming more alike, and Appiah’s opinion of this is: a. It is bad, because traditional ways are being lost. b. It is bad, because many people are too poor to live the life they want. c. It is good, because everyone is getting more access to Guinness and Coke. d. It is good, because everyone is getting more access to medicines and clean water. 2. What is Appiah’s point about American soap operas? a. How people respond to them depends on their own cultural context. b. They are more popular than locally made television. c. They are an example of cultural imperialism. d. They are spreading American values and beliefs, but this is a good thing. 3. Donaldson argues that the inadequacy of cultural relativism becomes apparent when? a. When we consider the case of petty bribery b. When we consider practices that are more damaging and serious c. When people from two different cultures must find a way to agree d. When we consider cases of sexual harassment 4. Which of these is NOT one of Donaldson’s core human values? a. Respect for basic rights b. Respect for human dignity c. Equality d. Good citizenship 5. Wettstein thinks that the nature of corporate wrongdoing is changing in what way? a. Companies now believe they have a duty to be silent about human rights violations. b. Companies are more likely to be directly complicit in human rights violations. c. Companies are more likely to be silently complicit in human rights violations. d. Companies are less likely to be silently complicit in human rights violations. 6. The two criteria Wettstein offers to determine whether a company has been silently complicit are: a. A negative duty and a positive duty b. The omission requirement and the legitimization requirement c. A duty to do no harm and a duty to help protect d. Voluntariness and connection 7. Who was Ken Saro-Wiwa? a. A Shell executive who was responsible for the company’s policies in Nigeria. b. A Shell executive who blew the whistle on the company’s practices in Nigeria. c. A Nigerian government official who accepted bribes from Shell. d. A Nigerian activist who protested Shell’s practices and was executed. 8. What is the Global Compact? a. A set of ethics pledges written by the United Nations that companies may voluntarily sign. b. A set of international laws that multinational companies must sign. c. An agreement between several of the biggest multinational companies. d. A public relations initiative on the part of a few large corporations. 9. Noonan argues that there is a fundamental distinction between: a. Ethics and morality b. Religion and morality c. Bribery and religion d. Bribes and gifts 10. Noonan argues that bribes are often disguised as: a. Nepotism b. Gifts c. Loans d. Favors 11. Noonan argues that the bribe at its origins depends on: a. Religious teaching b. Corruption c. Bad business d. Bad judges 12. Noonan argues that the material injury inflicted by bribery is often: a. Grievous b. Severe c. Undemonstrable d. Slight 13. The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act prohibits bribery and applies to: a. U.S. citizens b. Anyone offering a bribe or causing a bribe to be offered in U.S. territory c. Foreign companies whose securities are traded in the United States d. All of the above 14. Which of these guidelines would be most compatible with Confucianism? a. Take revenge on those who betray your trust. b. Before blaming others, look inward to see if some of the blame is yours. c. Attack evil people in order to earn the trust of good people. d. Use a detailed contract as the basis for trust. 15. The person of jen is: a. Refined and trustworthy b. A leader who provides for the people c. A discerning person who chooses only completely virtuous colleagues d. One who conforms to everyone’s expectations True/False Questions 1. Isaiah Berlin writes that we are “doomed to choose, and every choice may entail an irreparable loss.” 2. Appiah’s hometown of Kumasi has been home to a wide variety of people for hundreds of years. 3. Donaldson argues that assumptions about business practices can lead to failure in foreign settings. 4. Wettstein thinks that a company that has no power to influence a human rights violation is therefore silently complicit in it. 5. In Japan, gift giving is a long-standing tradition. 6. Noonan points out that the bribe is a concept “running counter to normal expectations in approaching a powerful stranger.” 7. Noonan points out that every culture treats certain reciprocities with officials as disapproved (and therefore treats these reciprocities as “bribes”). 8. Confucianism focuses on judging other people to determine if they are trustworthy. 9. PureDrug practices the same standards of safety for all markets. 10. IBM executives were aware of the uses Hitler was making of their computers. Fill-in-the-Blank Questions 1. As opposed to cultural purity, Appiah praises cultural . 2. Kyosei means “living and working together for ” in Japanese. 3. In the late 1980s, some European tanneries unloaded their toxic waste in . 4. When conducting business in a foreign country, Donaldson argues that you must respect local . 5. The requirement means that the agent has failed to speak out to protect victims. 6. A is here defined as “a socially disapproved inducement of official action meant to be gratuitously exercised.” 7. Noonan contends that the commonest sanctions against bribes are . 8. The FCPA is the Act. 9. Enforcement of laws against has nearly always been a matter of prosecutorial discretion. 10. One point that Koehn makes is that reliance on can prevent people from being mindful of the bigger picture. CHAPTER 12 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Sagoff argues that a problem with using “willingness to pay” as a way of evaluating the environment is that not all of us think of ourselves simply as: a. Businesspeople b. “Willing” to pay c. Consumers d. Producers 2. Like Kant, Baxter insists that “every human being should be regarded as an end” in him or herself, rather than merely as: a. A means c. An object d. An animal e. A soul 3. Baxter writes that unique to the human mind and world are questions of: a. The environment b. Ought c. Pollution d. Facts 4. Baxter argues that “there is no normative definition of clean air or pure water,” because there is no normative definition of: a. The natural state b. The political animal c. The human heart d. Morality 5. Sagoff argues that if we evaluate public policy by assuming that the goals of our society are contained in the preferences that individuals reveal (or would reveal) in market transactions, then we are making policy on the basis of: a. Efficiency b. Preference c. The environment d. Unachievable hopes 6. Baxter argues that ultimately, we should understand our need to care for the environment in terms of: a. Trade-offs b. Religious imperative c. Moral necessity d. Penguins 7. Bowie argues that most of business’s unethical conduct regarding the environment occurs in the: a. Wetlands b. Atmosphere c. Factory d. Political arena 8. According to Sagoff, to use his own term, are his preferences as a consumer consistent with his judgments as a citizen? a. Yes, he is “moral.” b. No, he is “schizophrenic.” c. Yes, he is “Joseph K.” d. Usually, he is “economic.” 9. Singer introduces the concept of “speciesism,” which is used to protect: a. Nonhuman animals b. The environment c. Humans d. Citizens 10. Importantly for his argument, Sagoff writes that a “contradiction between principles cannot be settled by asking how much partisans are willing to”: a. Wager on social changes b. Pay for their beliefs c. Argue about what is right d. Agree on difficult issues 11. Singer argues that for the great majority of human beings, especially those in urban, industrialized societies, the most direct contact with members of other species is: a. At mealtime b. In zoo-like parks c. In zoos d. In the wild 12. For Singer, the world would be morally improved if all humans: a. Became vegetarians b. Considered their preferences c. Owned pets d. Were extinct 13. Sagoff argues that certain rights, particularly the rights of privacy and property, are nowhere less helpful than in the area of the natural environment. Sagoff refers to these rights as the rights of: a. The West b. The ancients