CAPS 390 Final Exam and All Correct
Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
What is a ganglion? What is it called in the CNS & PNS? - Answer A group of cell bodies.
In the CNS: nucleus
In the PNS: ganglion
What is the purpose of microtubules? - Answer Transport of organelles (mitochondria)
What is the purpose of SER in neurons? - Answer 1. Extends from soma -> axon terminal
2. Associated with axon & vesicular membranes
3. Conveys molecules for membrane assembly
What do cell bodies contain? - Answer nucleus, golgi, RER, mitochondria
What do axons contain? - Answer golgi, SER, mitochondria, microtubules and microfilaments
What do axon terminals contain? - Answer vesicles and mitochondria
What makes up the grey and white matter of the brain and spinal cord? - Answer White =
tracts/bundles of myelinated nerve fibers
Grey = cell bodies
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic ganglion occur where in the spinal cord? - Answer
Sympathetic: thoracic and lumbar
Parasympathetic: cervic and sacral
Define glia cells - Answer non-excitable cells that enhance transmission
Define support cells - Answer Cells of blood vessels and microglia for immune
What do dendrites contain? - Answer mitochondria, SER, microtubules and microfilaments
NO GOLGI
Name the disease:
, - genetic
- caused by mutations in X chromosome
- progressive wasting of muscles
- mental retardation - Answer Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
What are characteristics of a child with Duchenne/Becker? - Answer - swayed back
- tiptoe feet
- stomach out
- weak butt muscles
- thick calves
- shoulders&arms held back when walking
What is the issue with Duchenne ? - Answer dystrophin complex (dystrophin & other
proteins) work together to connect actin cytoskeleton with basal lamina. In DMD patients, they
lose this connection (inactive dystrophin)
What is enlargement of the calves in DMD called? - Answer pseudohypertrophy
What junctional proteins are associated with cardiac muscles? - Answer - gap junctions
- zona adherens
- desmosomes
What kind of muscle does not contain T-tubules? - Answer smooth muscle
What is the name of the smooth muscles inside arteries and veins? - Answer tunica media
How do smooth muscles contract? - Answer myosin and actin connected to dense bodies
contract
What are the similarities and differences in skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. - Answer
Cardiac: striated, mono-nucleated
Skeletal: striated, multi-nucleated
Smooth: not striated, mono-nucleated
Which cartilage is found in trachea, nose and joints? - Answer hyaline
Answers 2025-2026 Updated.
What is a ganglion? What is it called in the CNS & PNS? - Answer A group of cell bodies.
In the CNS: nucleus
In the PNS: ganglion
What is the purpose of microtubules? - Answer Transport of organelles (mitochondria)
What is the purpose of SER in neurons? - Answer 1. Extends from soma -> axon terminal
2. Associated with axon & vesicular membranes
3. Conveys molecules for membrane assembly
What do cell bodies contain? - Answer nucleus, golgi, RER, mitochondria
What do axons contain? - Answer golgi, SER, mitochondria, microtubules and microfilaments
What do axon terminals contain? - Answer vesicles and mitochondria
What makes up the grey and white matter of the brain and spinal cord? - Answer White =
tracts/bundles of myelinated nerve fibers
Grey = cell bodies
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic ganglion occur where in the spinal cord? - Answer
Sympathetic: thoracic and lumbar
Parasympathetic: cervic and sacral
Define glia cells - Answer non-excitable cells that enhance transmission
Define support cells - Answer Cells of blood vessels and microglia for immune
What do dendrites contain? - Answer mitochondria, SER, microtubules and microfilaments
NO GOLGI
Name the disease:
, - genetic
- caused by mutations in X chromosome
- progressive wasting of muscles
- mental retardation - Answer Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
What are characteristics of a child with Duchenne/Becker? - Answer - swayed back
- tiptoe feet
- stomach out
- weak butt muscles
- thick calves
- shoulders&arms held back when walking
What is the issue with Duchenne ? - Answer dystrophin complex (dystrophin & other
proteins) work together to connect actin cytoskeleton with basal lamina. In DMD patients, they
lose this connection (inactive dystrophin)
What is enlargement of the calves in DMD called? - Answer pseudohypertrophy
What junctional proteins are associated with cardiac muscles? - Answer - gap junctions
- zona adherens
- desmosomes
What kind of muscle does not contain T-tubules? - Answer smooth muscle
What is the name of the smooth muscles inside arteries and veins? - Answer tunica media
How do smooth muscles contract? - Answer myosin and actin connected to dense bodies
contract
What are the similarities and differences in skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. - Answer
Cardiac: striated, mono-nucleated
Skeletal: striated, multi-nucleated
Smooth: not striated, mono-nucleated
Which cartilage is found in trachea, nose and joints? - Answer hyaline
