CAPS 390 – Final Exam Questions
with Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-
2026 Updated.
2 components of blood - Answer 1. Formed elements - cells & platelets 45%
2. ECM - plasma 55%
What part of hepatocytes appear dark/black in EM - Answer Glycogen granules- electron
dense & larger than ribosomes
Nucleus appearance in hepatocytes - Answer Highly synthetic - lots euchromatin
Components in ECM of blood - Answer 90% water
1% dissolved ions & gases
9% plasma proteins
5 plasma proteins - Answer 1. Albumin
2. Globulins
3. Clotting proteins
4. Compliment proteins
5. Plasma lipoproteins
What does albumin do (plasma protein) - Answer -maintains colloid osmotic pressure
(osmotic pressure exerted by large modules & serves to hold water in vascular space)
-transports insoluble metabolites (ex: drugs)
What do globulins do (plasma proteins) - Answer Transport: metal ions, protein bound lipids,
lipid soluble vitamins
Antibodies of immune defence
What do clotting proteins do (plasma proteins) - Answer Formation of fibrin threads
What do compliment proteins do (plasma protein) - Answer Destruction of microorganisms
& initiate inflammation
What 3 plasma lipoproteins & what they do - Answer 1. Chylomicrons - triglycerides to liver
,2. Very-low-density-lipoprotein - triglycerides liver -> body cells
3. Low-density lipoprotein - cholesterol liver -> body cells
What does high levels of low-density lipoprotein indicate - Answer Hypercholesterolemia
Name for substance when you remove clotting factors from plasma - Answer Serum
3 major constituents of blood (separated by centrifuge) - Answer 55% plasma
1% Buffy coat - platelets & WBC
45% RBC
Which type of microscopy & stain to see formed elements in blood - Answer Light
microscopy - wright giemsa stain
Function of erythrocytes - Answer Transport hemoglobin that binds O2 & CO2
RBC diameter & what can they fit through - Answer Around 8 um - just can squeeze through
'closed' capillaries
What % of circulating blood cells are RBC - Answer 99%
Shape of RBC & purpose of shape - Answer Biconcave shape - increases surface area of PM
for gas exchange
Name for RBC deficiency & 2 types - Answer Anemia
Metabolic - iron deficiency
Genetic - sickle cell
What organelles, components & enzymes are inside RBC - Answer -Few cytoplasmic
organelles
-no nucleus in fully differentiated
-Hemoglobin
-carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme
-cytoskeleton
,What does carbonic anhydrase do? - Answer Converts CO2 and H2O into H2CO3 (carbonic
acid) -> broken down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
What is bicarbonate used for - Answer Transported out to RBC - blood buffer
Explain how blood type works & who can donate to who - Answer Antigens (A & B) are
responsible for blood type
-Type AB (have both A & B) can except from anyone
-Type O (no A or B) can donate to anyone
-have antibodies against other antigens (body will attack type B blood if you are type A because
you have antibodies against)
What cell type determines blood type - Answer RBC
What is cytoskeleton important for in RBC - Answer Movement through capillary beds
(squeeze)
What % RBC PM is protein - Answer 50%
2 PM proteins in RBC - Answer 1. Glycophorins - transmembrane anchors for cytoplasmic
adaptors/linkers to cytoskeleton
2. Band 3 - transmembrane anchor (binds to band 4 & ankyrin) & transporter for HCO3
(bicarbonate)
Names of adaptors/cytoskeletal linkers for RBC - Answer Ankyrin
Band 4 proteins
Cytoskeleton of RBC - Answer Filamentous spectrin & actin
Why RBC destroyed after 120 days - Answer -loss cytoskeleton integrity
-slow in blood vessels (ability to move through)
What % of blood is WBC & where do they travel - Answer <1%
Circulatory system
2 general types WBC - Answer Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
, 3 types of granulocytes (WBC) - Answer 1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils
What are granulocytes important for - Answer Low specificity 'innate immunity'
2 types of granules in granulocytes - Answer 1. Lysosomes (non specific granules)
2. Specific cytoplasmic granules in secretory vessels (cell-specific)
What is the most abundant WBC - Answer Neutrophils (60-70%)
Nucleus of neutrophils - Answer Mutilobed - Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
What type of specialized granule in neutrophils & what colour do they stain - Answer
Contain anti-bacterial enzymes
-pale/neutral colour in Wright/H&E
Life span of neutrophils in circulation & in CT - Answer Circulation - hours
CT - days
What WBC is 1st responder for innate immune response - Answer Neutrophils
Function of neutrophils - Answer Phagocytose bacteria & generate pus when they swell &
die after digesting
% of basophils in circulation - Answer <1%
Lifespan of basophils - Answer CT - 1-2 years
Function basophils - Answer -anticoagulation
-increase vascular permeability
What type of specialized granule in basophils & what colour do they stain - Answer Granules
contain histamine (vasodilator) & heparin (anti-coagulant)
-highly basophilic (acidic) - stain blue
with Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-
2026 Updated.
2 components of blood - Answer 1. Formed elements - cells & platelets 45%
2. ECM - plasma 55%
What part of hepatocytes appear dark/black in EM - Answer Glycogen granules- electron
dense & larger than ribosomes
Nucleus appearance in hepatocytes - Answer Highly synthetic - lots euchromatin
Components in ECM of blood - Answer 90% water
1% dissolved ions & gases
9% plasma proteins
5 plasma proteins - Answer 1. Albumin
2. Globulins
3. Clotting proteins
4. Compliment proteins
5. Plasma lipoproteins
What does albumin do (plasma protein) - Answer -maintains colloid osmotic pressure
(osmotic pressure exerted by large modules & serves to hold water in vascular space)
-transports insoluble metabolites (ex: drugs)
What do globulins do (plasma proteins) - Answer Transport: metal ions, protein bound lipids,
lipid soluble vitamins
Antibodies of immune defence
What do clotting proteins do (plasma proteins) - Answer Formation of fibrin threads
What do compliment proteins do (plasma protein) - Answer Destruction of microorganisms
& initiate inflammation
What 3 plasma lipoproteins & what they do - Answer 1. Chylomicrons - triglycerides to liver
,2. Very-low-density-lipoprotein - triglycerides liver -> body cells
3. Low-density lipoprotein - cholesterol liver -> body cells
What does high levels of low-density lipoprotein indicate - Answer Hypercholesterolemia
Name for substance when you remove clotting factors from plasma - Answer Serum
3 major constituents of blood (separated by centrifuge) - Answer 55% plasma
1% Buffy coat - platelets & WBC
45% RBC
Which type of microscopy & stain to see formed elements in blood - Answer Light
microscopy - wright giemsa stain
Function of erythrocytes - Answer Transport hemoglobin that binds O2 & CO2
RBC diameter & what can they fit through - Answer Around 8 um - just can squeeze through
'closed' capillaries
What % of circulating blood cells are RBC - Answer 99%
Shape of RBC & purpose of shape - Answer Biconcave shape - increases surface area of PM
for gas exchange
Name for RBC deficiency & 2 types - Answer Anemia
Metabolic - iron deficiency
Genetic - sickle cell
What organelles, components & enzymes are inside RBC - Answer -Few cytoplasmic
organelles
-no nucleus in fully differentiated
-Hemoglobin
-carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme
-cytoskeleton
,What does carbonic anhydrase do? - Answer Converts CO2 and H2O into H2CO3 (carbonic
acid) -> broken down into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
What is bicarbonate used for - Answer Transported out to RBC - blood buffer
Explain how blood type works & who can donate to who - Answer Antigens (A & B) are
responsible for blood type
-Type AB (have both A & B) can except from anyone
-Type O (no A or B) can donate to anyone
-have antibodies against other antigens (body will attack type B blood if you are type A because
you have antibodies against)
What cell type determines blood type - Answer RBC
What is cytoskeleton important for in RBC - Answer Movement through capillary beds
(squeeze)
What % RBC PM is protein - Answer 50%
2 PM proteins in RBC - Answer 1. Glycophorins - transmembrane anchors for cytoplasmic
adaptors/linkers to cytoskeleton
2. Band 3 - transmembrane anchor (binds to band 4 & ankyrin) & transporter for HCO3
(bicarbonate)
Names of adaptors/cytoskeletal linkers for RBC - Answer Ankyrin
Band 4 proteins
Cytoskeleton of RBC - Answer Filamentous spectrin & actin
Why RBC destroyed after 120 days - Answer -loss cytoskeleton integrity
-slow in blood vessels (ability to move through)
What % of blood is WBC & where do they travel - Answer <1%
Circulatory system
2 general types WBC - Answer Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
, 3 types of granulocytes (WBC) - Answer 1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils
What are granulocytes important for - Answer Low specificity 'innate immunity'
2 types of granules in granulocytes - Answer 1. Lysosomes (non specific granules)
2. Specific cytoplasmic granules in secretory vessels (cell-specific)
What is the most abundant WBC - Answer Neutrophils (60-70%)
Nucleus of neutrophils - Answer Mutilobed - Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
What type of specialized granule in neutrophils & what colour do they stain - Answer
Contain anti-bacterial enzymes
-pale/neutral colour in Wright/H&E
Life span of neutrophils in circulation & in CT - Answer Circulation - hours
CT - days
What WBC is 1st responder for innate immune response - Answer Neutrophils
Function of neutrophils - Answer Phagocytose bacteria & generate pus when they swell &
die after digesting
% of basophils in circulation - Answer <1%
Lifespan of basophils - Answer CT - 1-2 years
Function basophils - Answer -anticoagulation
-increase vascular permeability
What type of specialized granule in basophils & what colour do they stain - Answer Granules
contain histamine (vasodilator) & heparin (anti-coagulant)
-highly basophilic (acidic) - stain blue
