NSG 3280 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions and
100% Correct Verified Answers 2026 Update
(GUARANTEED PASS)
A nurse is reviewing a client's chart and notes that the cause of the
disease is unknown. Which term best describes this condition?
A. Iatrogenic
B. Etiology
C. Idiopathic
D. Prodromal - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Idiopathic
Idiopathic means the cause of a disease is unknown. Etiology refers to the
cause, while iatrogenic means caused by medical treatment.
A client who smokes long-term develops replacement of normal ciliated
epithelial cells with squamous cells. This change is known as:
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Metaplasia
,Metaplasia is the replacement of one mature cell type with another due to
chronic irritation.
Which cellular adaptation occurs in skeletal muscle as a result of regular
exercise?
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload.
Which metabolic process provides glucose during prolonged fasting?
A. Glycolysis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Insulin secretion - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such
as protein and fat.
Which hormone counteracts insulin and raises blood glucose levels?
,A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Aldosterone
D. ADH - VERIFIED ANSWER - B. Glucagon
Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis.
Which hormone released during stress can worsen hyperglycemia in
patients with diabetes?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Melatonin
D. Thyroxine - VERIFIED ANSWER - B. Cortisol
Cortisol increases glucose production and causes insulin resistance.
Which laboratory test best reflects long-term glucose control?
A. Fasting blood glucose
B. Random blood glucose
C. Hemoglobin A1c
D. Urine glucose - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Hemoglobin A1c
, HbA1c reflects average blood glucose levels over approximately 3 months.
What is the primary defect in Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Decreased insulin sensitivity
C. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
D. Excess glucagon production - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Autoimmune
destruction of beta cells
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas.
Which pancreatic cells are responsible for insulin production?
A. Alpha cells
B. Beta cells
C. Delta cells
D. Acinar cells - VERIFIED ANSWER - B. Beta cells
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin to regulate blood glucose
levels.
How does stress typically affect diabetes management?
100% Correct Verified Answers 2026 Update
(GUARANTEED PASS)
A nurse is reviewing a client's chart and notes that the cause of the
disease is unknown. Which term best describes this condition?
A. Iatrogenic
B. Etiology
C. Idiopathic
D. Prodromal - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Idiopathic
Idiopathic means the cause of a disease is unknown. Etiology refers to the
cause, while iatrogenic means caused by medical treatment.
A client who smokes long-term develops replacement of normal ciliated
epithelial cells with squamous cells. This change is known as:
A. Atrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Dysplasia - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Metaplasia
,Metaplasia is the replacement of one mature cell type with another due to
chronic irritation.
Which cellular adaptation occurs in skeletal muscle as a result of regular
exercise?
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Metaplasia - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size due to increased workload.
Which metabolic process provides glucose during prolonged fasting?
A. Glycolysis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. Gluconeogenesis
D. Insulin secretion - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis creates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such
as protein and fat.
Which hormone counteracts insulin and raises blood glucose levels?
,A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Aldosterone
D. ADH - VERIFIED ANSWER - B. Glucagon
Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis and
gluconeogenesis.
Which hormone released during stress can worsen hyperglycemia in
patients with diabetes?
A. Insulin
B. Cortisol
C. Melatonin
D. Thyroxine - VERIFIED ANSWER - B. Cortisol
Cortisol increases glucose production and causes insulin resistance.
Which laboratory test best reflects long-term glucose control?
A. Fasting blood glucose
B. Random blood glucose
C. Hemoglobin A1c
D. Urine glucose - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Hemoglobin A1c
, HbA1c reflects average blood glucose levels over approximately 3 months.
What is the primary defect in Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
A. Insulin resistance
B. Decreased insulin sensitivity
C. Autoimmune destruction of beta cells
D. Excess glucagon production - VERIFIED ANSWER - C. Autoimmune
destruction of beta cells
Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing
beta cells in the pancreas.
Which pancreatic cells are responsible for insulin production?
A. Alpha cells
B. Beta cells
C. Delta cells
D. Acinar cells - VERIFIED ANSWER - B. Beta cells
Beta cells of the pancreas secrete insulin to regulate blood glucose
levels.
How does stress typically affect diabetes management?
