BIO 150 EXAM 1 - UTK MAMANTOV VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE DEFINITIVE ANSWERS GRADED A+
What does diploid and haploid mean?
Haploid: one copy of each gene, one set of chromosomes
Diploid: two sets of chromosomes
Define dominant and recessive alleles
Dominant traits / alleles: phenotypic effect is observed when
the allele is present
Recessive traits / alleles: phenotypic effect is only observed
when it is present in homozygous form
Define heterozygous and homozygous genotypes
Homozygous individuals: have two copies of the same allele of
a gene
Heterozygous individuals: have two different alleles of a gene
Explain how the words "true-breeding" and "hybrid" link to
homozygote and heterozygote
Pure-breeding lines: produce offspring identical to the parents
(homozygous)
Hybrid: heterozygous for the gene (two different alleles).
1|P a g e
,Two pure-breeding parents crossed result in "hybrids".
Explain the principle of segregation
Two members of each gene pair must segregate (separate)
into different gametes (egg & sperm).
Each gamete contains one allele of each gene.
Describe the principle of independent assortment
Alleles of one gene segregate independently of alleles of other
genes.
Explain the prediction made by the hardy-weinberg
equilibrium
The allele and genotype frequencies in a population reach
equilibrium in one generation and stay at genetic equilibrium
generation after generation.
What are the 5 assumptions of hardy-weinberg?
1. The population is infinitely large
2. Mating is random with regard to the traits under study
3. No natural selection
4. No migration
5. No mutation
2|P a g e
,What does p+q= ?
1
What is p?
The frequency of the dominant alleles in the population
What is q?
The frequency of the recessive alleles in the population
How do you calculate expected genotype frequencies using p &
q?
P(squared) + 2pq + q(squared) = 1
When is a population not in hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
When the allele frequency in the population has changed, they
are not in equilibrium
What is evolution?
The change in allele frequencies in a population over time
3|P a g e
, Describe how the modern synthesis defines evolution
Diversity within a population arose from the random
production of mutations, and the environment acted to select
the most fit phenotypes.
How does the hardy-weinberg principle serve as a null
hypothesis to evolution?
It is telling us when no evolution is occurring. Evolution occurs
only when one of the five assumptions is broken, not while
under the assumptions.
What are the four mechanisms of evolution?
Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural and sexual selection
How do mutations act?
Randomly with respect to the phenotypes they produce
How strong are mutations?
Weakest force
4|P a g e
ACCURATE DEFINITIVE ANSWERS GRADED A+
What does diploid and haploid mean?
Haploid: one copy of each gene, one set of chromosomes
Diploid: two sets of chromosomes
Define dominant and recessive alleles
Dominant traits / alleles: phenotypic effect is observed when
the allele is present
Recessive traits / alleles: phenotypic effect is only observed
when it is present in homozygous form
Define heterozygous and homozygous genotypes
Homozygous individuals: have two copies of the same allele of
a gene
Heterozygous individuals: have two different alleles of a gene
Explain how the words "true-breeding" and "hybrid" link to
homozygote and heterozygote
Pure-breeding lines: produce offspring identical to the parents
(homozygous)
Hybrid: heterozygous for the gene (two different alleles).
1|P a g e
,Two pure-breeding parents crossed result in "hybrids".
Explain the principle of segregation
Two members of each gene pair must segregate (separate)
into different gametes (egg & sperm).
Each gamete contains one allele of each gene.
Describe the principle of independent assortment
Alleles of one gene segregate independently of alleles of other
genes.
Explain the prediction made by the hardy-weinberg
equilibrium
The allele and genotype frequencies in a population reach
equilibrium in one generation and stay at genetic equilibrium
generation after generation.
What are the 5 assumptions of hardy-weinberg?
1. The population is infinitely large
2. Mating is random with regard to the traits under study
3. No natural selection
4. No migration
5. No mutation
2|P a g e
,What does p+q= ?
1
What is p?
The frequency of the dominant alleles in the population
What is q?
The frequency of the recessive alleles in the population
How do you calculate expected genotype frequencies using p &
q?
P(squared) + 2pq + q(squared) = 1
When is a population not in hardy-weinberg equilibrium?
When the allele frequency in the population has changed, they
are not in equilibrium
What is evolution?
The change in allele frequencies in a population over time
3|P a g e
, Describe how the modern synthesis defines evolution
Diversity within a population arose from the random
production of mutations, and the environment acted to select
the most fit phenotypes.
How does the hardy-weinberg principle serve as a null
hypothesis to evolution?
It is telling us when no evolution is occurring. Evolution occurs
only when one of the five assumptions is broken, not while
under the assumptions.
What are the four mechanisms of evolution?
Mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, natural and sexual selection
How do mutations act?
Randomly with respect to the phenotypes they produce
How strong are mutations?
Weakest force
4|P a g e
