NUR 398 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
When presented with a challenge, cells experience... - Answers - Adaptation, Injury,
death
What are the adaptations cells can make? - Answers - atrophy, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
What are the methods of cell death? - Answers - necrosis and apoptosis
What is cell atrophy? - Answers - decrease in size that can potentially reduce
differentiated function
what is cell hypertophy? - Answers - increase in cell size accompanied by augmented
functional capacity
What is hyperplasia? - Answers - increase in number of cells
What is metaplasia? - Answers - replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
What is dysplasia? - Answers - abnormal appearance of cells because of abnormal
variations in size, shape and arrangement
What are examples of cellular injury? - Answers - ischemia, hypoxia, nutritional,
infectious and immunologic, chemical, physical and mechanical
What is hypoxia? - Answers - poor oxygenation
What is ischemia? - Answers - interruption of blood flow
can you adapt to hypoxia and ischemia? - Answers - can only adapt to ischemia
What is the mechanism of ischemia and hypoxia? - Answers - ATP production in cell
stalls, ATP pumps fail, Na accumulates and brings extra water into the cell, excess
calcium in the mitochondria interferes, glycogen stores are depleted, lactate is
produced, pH falls - cellular components become dysfunctional
What are causes of reperfusion injury? - Answers - calcium overload, oxidative stress,
inflammation and complement activation
What is happens during calcium overload? - Answers - activates enzymes that break
down lipid membranes, high amounts of Ca can cause apoptosis
, What is oxidative stress? What can reverse it? - Answers - increased free radicals that
cause damage to chromosomes and breaks down proteins, supposed to be
counteracted with antioxidants
How could inflammation and complement activation cause reperfusion injury? - Answers
- Potential injury to bringing back blood flow due to cytokines and immune response
What causes nutritional cell injury? - Answers - deficiencies: malnutrition, malabsorption
excess: obesity, diabetes
What causes chemical cell injury? - Answers - free radicals, heavy metals, toxic gases,
alcohol use, substance use
What are possible physical and mechanical cell injuries? - Answers - temperature
extremes, abrupt changes in pressure, abrasion or trauma, electrical, radiation
What are examples of infectious and immunologic cell injuries? - Answers - bacteria:
endotoxins and exotoxins - cause issue with regular cell fxn
viruses - incorporates self into host nucleus
indirect immunologic response
What intracellular accumulations can cause cell injury? - Answers - excessive amounts
of normal substances, accumulation of abnormal substances produced by cells b/c of
issues
What are examples of intracellular accumulation of cell injury? - Answers - Diabetes can
be considered both,
Water is #1 accumulation,
Gout (accumulation of urate),
Bilirubin accumulation - jaundiced
What is a hydropic cell injury? - Answers - an accumulation of water that can cause
organ megaly due to the generalized swelling
What is the mechanism of hydropic cell injury? - Answers - malfunction of sodium
potassium pumps, sodium stuck in the cells, so water follows
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? - Answers - necrosis is the
breakdown of the cellular membrane while apoptosis is planned cellular fragmentation
that does not cause inflammation
What may cause necrosis? - Answers - cell rupture and disruption of the plasma
membrane is a consequence of toxic injury or ischemia
What causes apoptosis? - Answers - a chain of events that leads to the cell killing itself
ANSWERS
When presented with a challenge, cells experience... - Answers - Adaptation, Injury,
death
What are the adaptations cells can make? - Answers - atrophy, hypertrophy,
hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia
What are the methods of cell death? - Answers - necrosis and apoptosis
What is cell atrophy? - Answers - decrease in size that can potentially reduce
differentiated function
what is cell hypertophy? - Answers - increase in cell size accompanied by augmented
functional capacity
What is hyperplasia? - Answers - increase in number of cells
What is metaplasia? - Answers - replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
What is dysplasia? - Answers - abnormal appearance of cells because of abnormal
variations in size, shape and arrangement
What are examples of cellular injury? - Answers - ischemia, hypoxia, nutritional,
infectious and immunologic, chemical, physical and mechanical
What is hypoxia? - Answers - poor oxygenation
What is ischemia? - Answers - interruption of blood flow
can you adapt to hypoxia and ischemia? - Answers - can only adapt to ischemia
What is the mechanism of ischemia and hypoxia? - Answers - ATP production in cell
stalls, ATP pumps fail, Na accumulates and brings extra water into the cell, excess
calcium in the mitochondria interferes, glycogen stores are depleted, lactate is
produced, pH falls - cellular components become dysfunctional
What are causes of reperfusion injury? - Answers - calcium overload, oxidative stress,
inflammation and complement activation
What is happens during calcium overload? - Answers - activates enzymes that break
down lipid membranes, high amounts of Ca can cause apoptosis
, What is oxidative stress? What can reverse it? - Answers - increased free radicals that
cause damage to chromosomes and breaks down proteins, supposed to be
counteracted with antioxidants
How could inflammation and complement activation cause reperfusion injury? - Answers
- Potential injury to bringing back blood flow due to cytokines and immune response
What causes nutritional cell injury? - Answers - deficiencies: malnutrition, malabsorption
excess: obesity, diabetes
What causes chemical cell injury? - Answers - free radicals, heavy metals, toxic gases,
alcohol use, substance use
What are possible physical and mechanical cell injuries? - Answers - temperature
extremes, abrupt changes in pressure, abrasion or trauma, electrical, radiation
What are examples of infectious and immunologic cell injuries? - Answers - bacteria:
endotoxins and exotoxins - cause issue with regular cell fxn
viruses - incorporates self into host nucleus
indirect immunologic response
What intracellular accumulations can cause cell injury? - Answers - excessive amounts
of normal substances, accumulation of abnormal substances produced by cells b/c of
issues
What are examples of intracellular accumulation of cell injury? - Answers - Diabetes can
be considered both,
Water is #1 accumulation,
Gout (accumulation of urate),
Bilirubin accumulation - jaundiced
What is a hydropic cell injury? - Answers - an accumulation of water that can cause
organ megaly due to the generalized swelling
What is the mechanism of hydropic cell injury? - Answers - malfunction of sodium
potassium pumps, sodium stuck in the cells, so water follows
What is the difference between necrosis and apoptosis? - Answers - necrosis is the
breakdown of the cellular membrane while apoptosis is planned cellular fragmentation
that does not cause inflammation
What may cause necrosis? - Answers - cell rupture and disruption of the plasma
membrane is a consequence of toxic injury or ischemia
What causes apoptosis? - Answers - a chain of events that leads to the cell killing itself
