NUR 283 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
what are the clinical manifestation for alterations in arousal? - Answers - level of
conscious changes which is the most critical evidence, pattern of breathing evaluates
level of brain dysfunction, pupillary changes indicate level of brain stem dysfunction,
oculomotor responses and motor response which help evaluate level of dysfunction and
damaged side
Brain Death is what? - Answers - total brain death, body can no longer maintain internal
homeostasis, unresponsive coma, no spontaneous respirations, no brain stem function
and flat EEG
What is cerebral death? - Answers - irreversible coma and death of the cerebral
hemispheres exclusive of the brain stem and cerebellum, and the bran can continue to
maintain internal homeostasis.
what are the 4 types of cerebral death? - Answers - coma, vegetative state which they
can open their eyes and have normal sleep, minimal conscious state which they have
small movements and follow commands and locked-in syndrome which the brain is
conscious and body is paralyzed.
what is a seizure - Answers - sudden, transient, alteration of brain function caused by
abrupt discharge of cerebral neurons
what is the cause of a seizure - Answers - cerebral lesions or trauma, biochemical
disorders
Epilepsy is what, and results from what? - Answers - continuous seizure with no known
trigger, results from interaction of mutations and environmental factors and epileptic
neurons.
What are the phases of seizures? - Answers - tonic phase which is contraction, clonic
phase which is relaxation and postictal phase which is sleepiness or tired.
what are the CM of seizures? - Answers - aura which is a warning sign, prodroma which
are physical symptoms, fatigue, N and headache, increase in oxygen consumption,
prolonged seizure can cause damage
what are the 3 types of dysphasia? - Answers - expressive which is Broca and deficit of
expression, receptive which is wernicke and deficit of comprehension, and transcortical
which is echolalia.
what is acute confusional state or ACS - Answers - transient disorder of awareness that
result from cerebral dysfunction.
, ACS is caused by - Answers - secondary to drug intoxication, metabolic disorder,
nervous system disease
ACS cm - Answers - impaired or lost detection, inability to concentrate, restless,
irritable, and compulsive behavior
what is delirium - Answers - more severe type of ACS, with worsening symptoms.
what is dementia - Answers - group of symptoms that cause progressive failure of
cerebral functions of orientation, memory, language, behavior and judgement and
decision making
dementia CM and causes - Answers - infection, atherosclerosis, trauma, and genetics
alzheimer disease or AD is caused by - Answers - deficiencies of neurochemical
factors, trauma and genetic mutations
AD pathologic features are - Answers - neuron tangles, plaques and degeneration
AD CM IS WHAT - Answers - forgetfulness, emotional upset, memory loss, confusion,
mood changes, problem solving and judgement difficulty
increased intracranial pressure or IICP is caused by and what are the 4 stages -
Answers - increased in intracranial content, stage 1 there is no change in ICP, stage 2
there is slight ICP change with expansion, stage 2 there is hypoxic tissue and
deterioration, stage 4 there is herniation of brain tissue
what is a cerebral edema, where does it occur and cause - Answers - increase in fluid in
the brain, which occurs after brain injury and will cause harmful effects by distorting and
displacing tissue
what are the types of cerebral edema - Answers - vasogenic which is increased
capillary permeability, cytotoxic which is caused by toxins, and interstitial which is seen
with hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus is what? - Answers - excess fluid within the cranail vault, subarachnoid
space or both
what causes hydrocephalus - Answers - interference in CSF flow with decreased
reabsorption, increased fluid production, obstruction witihin the ventricular system
what are the CM of hydrocephalus - Answers - headache, change in LOC, vomiting
what is the triad of symptoms for adult hydrocephalus - Answers - unsteady gait, signs
that mimic dementia, and incontinence
what are the clinical manifestation for alterations in arousal? - Answers - level of
conscious changes which is the most critical evidence, pattern of breathing evaluates
level of brain dysfunction, pupillary changes indicate level of brain stem dysfunction,
oculomotor responses and motor response which help evaluate level of dysfunction and
damaged side
Brain Death is what? - Answers - total brain death, body can no longer maintain internal
homeostasis, unresponsive coma, no spontaneous respirations, no brain stem function
and flat EEG
What is cerebral death? - Answers - irreversible coma and death of the cerebral
hemispheres exclusive of the brain stem and cerebellum, and the bran can continue to
maintain internal homeostasis.
what are the 4 types of cerebral death? - Answers - coma, vegetative state which they
can open their eyes and have normal sleep, minimal conscious state which they have
small movements and follow commands and locked-in syndrome which the brain is
conscious and body is paralyzed.
what is a seizure - Answers - sudden, transient, alteration of brain function caused by
abrupt discharge of cerebral neurons
what is the cause of a seizure - Answers - cerebral lesions or trauma, biochemical
disorders
Epilepsy is what, and results from what? - Answers - continuous seizure with no known
trigger, results from interaction of mutations and environmental factors and epileptic
neurons.
What are the phases of seizures? - Answers - tonic phase which is contraction, clonic
phase which is relaxation and postictal phase which is sleepiness or tired.
what are the CM of seizures? - Answers - aura which is a warning sign, prodroma which
are physical symptoms, fatigue, N and headache, increase in oxygen consumption,
prolonged seizure can cause damage
what are the 3 types of dysphasia? - Answers - expressive which is Broca and deficit of
expression, receptive which is wernicke and deficit of comprehension, and transcortical
which is echolalia.
what is acute confusional state or ACS - Answers - transient disorder of awareness that
result from cerebral dysfunction.
, ACS is caused by - Answers - secondary to drug intoxication, metabolic disorder,
nervous system disease
ACS cm - Answers - impaired or lost detection, inability to concentrate, restless,
irritable, and compulsive behavior
what is delirium - Answers - more severe type of ACS, with worsening symptoms.
what is dementia - Answers - group of symptoms that cause progressive failure of
cerebral functions of orientation, memory, language, behavior and judgement and
decision making
dementia CM and causes - Answers - infection, atherosclerosis, trauma, and genetics
alzheimer disease or AD is caused by - Answers - deficiencies of neurochemical
factors, trauma and genetic mutations
AD pathologic features are - Answers - neuron tangles, plaques and degeneration
AD CM IS WHAT - Answers - forgetfulness, emotional upset, memory loss, confusion,
mood changes, problem solving and judgement difficulty
increased intracranial pressure or IICP is caused by and what are the 4 stages -
Answers - increased in intracranial content, stage 1 there is no change in ICP, stage 2
there is slight ICP change with expansion, stage 2 there is hypoxic tissue and
deterioration, stage 4 there is herniation of brain tissue
what is a cerebral edema, where does it occur and cause - Answers - increase in fluid in
the brain, which occurs after brain injury and will cause harmful effects by distorting and
displacing tissue
what are the types of cerebral edema - Answers - vasogenic which is increased
capillary permeability, cytotoxic which is caused by toxins, and interstitial which is seen
with hydrocephalus.
Hydrocephalus is what? - Answers - excess fluid within the cranail vault, subarachnoid
space or both
what causes hydrocephalus - Answers - interference in CSF flow with decreased
reabsorption, increased fluid production, obstruction witihin the ventricular system
what are the CM of hydrocephalus - Answers - headache, change in LOC, vomiting
what is the triad of symptoms for adult hydrocephalus - Answers - unsteady gait, signs
that mimic dementia, and incontinence
