NUR 283 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE
Tachycardia - Answers - abnormally rapid heart rate - above 100
Bradycardia - Answers - abnormally slow heart rate - under 60
preload - Answers - volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Afterload - Answers - resistance against which left ventricle pushes blood out
Systole - Answers - contraction of heart .... provides increase in pressure to eject blood
Diastole - Answers - relaxation of heart.... required for filling chambers
When is preload increased? - Answers - hypervolemia, regurgitation of cardiac valves,
heart failure
When is afterload increased? - Answers - hypertension, vasoconstriction
What increases when afterload increases? - Answers - increase in cardiac workload
What is cardiac output? - Answers - Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute:
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What is stroke volume? - Answers - Volume of blood pumped out of ventricle-
contraction
The heart sound, lubb is due to the _________ . - Answers - closure of AV valves
The heart sound, dub is due to the ________. - Answers - closure of semilunar valves.
pulse rate - Answers - heart rate 60-100 bpm.
What do vasodilators do? - Answers - dilates (opens) blood vessels, which allows blood
to flow more easily
example: nitroglycerin
What do beta blockers do? - Answers - -decrease heart rate and blood pressure
-treat HTN & dysrhythmias
-reduce angina attacks
arteriosclerosis - Answers - hardening of blood vessels
Atherosclerosis - Answers - plaque build up in the coronary artery causing clots, often
leads to MI.
, Diuretics - Answers - medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to
remove excess sodium and/or water.
- treats high blood pressure and congestive heart failure
anticoagulant - Answers - a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Answers - Transports cholesterol from liver to cells
Major factor contributing to atheroma formation
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Answers - Transports cholesterol away from the
peripheral cells to liver—"good" lipoprotein
Catabolism in liver and excretion
angina pectoris - Answers - chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough
oxygen - recurrent, intermittent brief episodes of substernal chest pain
unstable angina - Answers - prolonged chest pain at rest
Stable angina - Answers - chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under
severe stress
Nitroglycerin - Answers - A drug that helps to dilate the coronary vessels that supply the
heart muscle with blood.
Warning signs of a heart attack - Answers - Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning
in chest - especially with increased activity
Sudden shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue
Nausea, indigestion
Anxiety and fear
Pain may occur and if present is usually
Substernal
Crushing
Radiating
Emergency Treatment for Angina - Answers - Rest, stop activity
Patient seated in upright position
Administration of nitroglycerin—sublingual
Check pulse and respiration.
Administer oxygen, if necessary.
Patient known to have angina
--Second dose of nitroglycerin
Patient without history of angina
--Emergency medical aid
Tachycardia - Answers - abnormally rapid heart rate - above 100
Bradycardia - Answers - abnormally slow heart rate - under 60
preload - Answers - volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Afterload - Answers - resistance against which left ventricle pushes blood out
Systole - Answers - contraction of heart .... provides increase in pressure to eject blood
Diastole - Answers - relaxation of heart.... required for filling chambers
When is preload increased? - Answers - hypervolemia, regurgitation of cardiac valves,
heart failure
When is afterload increased? - Answers - hypertension, vasoconstriction
What increases when afterload increases? - Answers - increase in cardiac workload
What is cardiac output? - Answers - Volume of blood ejected by the heart in one minute:
cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume
What is stroke volume? - Answers - Volume of blood pumped out of ventricle-
contraction
The heart sound, lubb is due to the _________ . - Answers - closure of AV valves
The heart sound, dub is due to the ________. - Answers - closure of semilunar valves.
pulse rate - Answers - heart rate 60-100 bpm.
What do vasodilators do? - Answers - dilates (opens) blood vessels, which allows blood
to flow more easily
example: nitroglycerin
What do beta blockers do? - Answers - -decrease heart rate and blood pressure
-treat HTN & dysrhythmias
-reduce angina attacks
arteriosclerosis - Answers - hardening of blood vessels
Atherosclerosis - Answers - plaque build up in the coronary artery causing clots, often
leads to MI.
, Diuretics - Answers - medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to
remove excess sodium and/or water.
- treats high blood pressure and congestive heart failure
anticoagulant - Answers - a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
low-density lipoprotein (LDL) - Answers - Transports cholesterol from liver to cells
Major factor contributing to atheroma formation
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) - Answers - Transports cholesterol away from the
peripheral cells to liver—"good" lipoprotein
Catabolism in liver and excretion
angina pectoris - Answers - chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough
oxygen - recurrent, intermittent brief episodes of substernal chest pain
unstable angina - Answers - prolonged chest pain at rest
Stable angina - Answers - chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under
severe stress
Nitroglycerin - Answers - A drug that helps to dilate the coronary vessels that supply the
heart muscle with blood.
Warning signs of a heart attack - Answers - Feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning
in chest - especially with increased activity
Sudden shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue
Nausea, indigestion
Anxiety and fear
Pain may occur and if present is usually
Substernal
Crushing
Radiating
Emergency Treatment for Angina - Answers - Rest, stop activity
Patient seated in upright position
Administration of nitroglycerin—sublingual
Check pulse and respiration.
Administer oxygen, if necessary.
Patient known to have angina
--Second dose of nitroglycerin
Patient without history of angina
--Emergency medical aid
