OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology 2e Student Answer Guide
This file is copyright 2022, Rice University. All Rights Reserved.
,OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology 2e Student Answer Guide
ANSWER KEY
Chapter 1
1 Fatty acid catabolism. 3 X-rays. 5 PET scans can indicate how patients are responding to chemotherapy. 6 C 8 A 10 D 12
C 14 C 16 C 18 C 20 D 22 D 24 D 26 C 28 An understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in
the health professions. It can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness,
make sense of health-related news, and help you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, and caregiver. 30
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. 32 When you are sitting at a campfire, your sense of smell adapts to
the smell of smoke. Only if that smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to notice and respond.
In contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and highly unusual in your residence hall, and would be perceived
as danger. 34 In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the water under a very high pressure.
When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas above the liquid changes from artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure.
The dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle of sparkling water is left open, it
eventually goes flat because its gases continue to move out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately equal to
atmospheric pressure. 36 The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector. If
too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control center, which would in turn activate an
effector. In this case, the effector (the secreting cells) would be adjusted downward. 38 If the body were supine or prone, the
MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior
portions, as in “cutting” a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would
move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions. 40 CT scanning subjects
patients to much higher levels of radiation than X-rays, and should not be performed repeatedly.
Chapter 2
1 The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. 3 The water hydrolyses, or breaks,
the glycosidic bond, forming two monosaccharides. 4 D 6 A 8 B 10 C 12 B 14 A 16 C 18 A 20 B 22 D 24 B 26 A 28
B 30 D 32 B 33 These four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—together make up more than 95 percent of
the mass of the human body, and the body cannot make elements, so it is helpful to have them in consumables. 35 Magnesium’s
12 electrons are distributed as follows: two in the first shell, eight in the second shell, and two in its valence shell. According to
the octet rule, magnesium is unstable (reactive) because its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to participate
in chemical reactions in which it donates two electrons. 37 Water is a polar molecule. It has a region of weakly positive charge
and a region of weakly negative charge. These regions are attracted to ions as well as to other polar molecules. Oils are nonpolar,
and are repelled by water. 39 It is not. An exchange reaction might be AB + CD → AC + BD or AB + CD → AD +
BC
. In all chemical reactions, including exchange reactions, the components of the reactants are identical to the components of the
products. A component present among the reactants cannot disappear, nor can a component not present in the reactants suddenly
appear in the products. 41 Lemon juice is one hundred times more acidic than orange juice. This means that lemon juice has a
one hundred-fold greater concentration of hydrogen ions. 43 Maltose contains 12 atoms of carbon, but only 22 atoms of
hydrogen and 11 atoms of oxygen, because a molecule of water is removed during its formation via dehydration synthesis.
Chapter 3
1 Higher temperatures speed up diffusion because molecules have more kinetic energy at higher temperatures. 3 an enzyme 5
the spindle 6 B 8 C 10 B 12 A 14 A 16 C 18 A 20 C 22 C 24 B 26 B 28 C 30 Only materials that are relatively small
and nonpolar can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that
are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer. 32
These four phenomena are similar in the sense that they describe the movement of substances down a particular type of gradient.
Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other substances down their concentration gradients, respectively.
Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient, and the movement of ions away from like charge
describes their movement down their electrical gradient. 34 Peroxisomes and lysosomes are both cellular organelles bound by
lipid bilayer membranes, and they both contain many enzymes. However, peroxisomes contain enzymes that detoxify substances
by transferring hydrogen atoms and producing H2O2, whereas the enzymes in lysosomes function to break down and digest
various unwanted materials. 36 During cell division, one cell divides to produce two new cells. In order for all of the cells in
your body to maintain a full genome, each cell must replicate its DNA before it divides so that a full genome can be allotted to
each of its offspring cells. If DNA replication did not take place fully, or at all, the offspring cells would be missing some or all
of the genome. This could be disastrous if a cell was missing genes necessary for its function and health. 38 Transcription is
really a “copy” process and translation is really an “interpretation” process, because transcription involves copying the DNA
message into a very similar RNA message whereas translation involves converting the RNA message into the very different
amino acid message. The two processes also differ in their location: transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the
This file is copyright 2022, Rice University. All Rights Reserved.
, OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology 2e Student Answer Guide
cytoplasm. The mechanisms by
This file is copyright 2022, Rice University. All Rights Reserved.
This file is copyright 2022, Rice University. All Rights Reserved.
,OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology 2e Student Answer Guide
ANSWER KEY
Chapter 1
1 Fatty acid catabolism. 3 X-rays. 5 PET scans can indicate how patients are responding to chemotherapy. 6 C 8 A 10 D 12
C 14 C 16 C 18 C 20 D 22 D 24 D 26 C 28 An understanding of anatomy and physiology is essential for any career in
the health professions. It can also help you make choices that promote your health, respond appropriately to signs of illness,
make sense of health-related news, and help you in your roles as a parent, spouse, partner, friend, colleague, and caregiver. 30
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. 32 When you are sitting at a campfire, your sense of smell adapts to
the smell of smoke. Only if that smell were to suddenly and dramatically intensify would you be likely to notice and respond.
In contrast, the smell of even a trace of smoke would be new and highly unusual in your residence hall, and would be perceived
as danger. 34 In a sealed bottle of sparkling water, carbon dioxide gas is kept dissolved in the water under a very high pressure.
When you open the bottle, the pressure of the gas above the liquid changes from artificially high to normal atmospheric pressure.
The dissolved carbon dioxide gas expands, and rises in bubbles to the surface. When a bottle of sparkling water is left open, it
eventually goes flat because its gases continue to move out of solution until the pressure in the water is approximately equal to
atmospheric pressure. 36 The four components of a negative feedback loop are: stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector. If
too great a quantity of the chemical were excreted, sensors would activate a control center, which would in turn activate an
effector. In this case, the effector (the secreting cells) would be adjusted downward. 38 If the body were supine or prone, the
MRI scanner would move from top to bottom to produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into anterior and posterior
portions, as in “cutting” a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would
move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions. 40 CT scanning subjects
patients to much higher levels of radiation than X-rays, and should not be performed repeatedly.
Chapter 2
1 The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. 3 The water hydrolyses, or breaks,
the glycosidic bond, forming two monosaccharides. 4 D 6 A 8 B 10 C 12 B 14 A 16 C 18 A 20 B 22 D 24 B 26 A 28
B 30 D 32 B 33 These four elements—oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen—together make up more than 95 percent of
the mass of the human body, and the body cannot make elements, so it is helpful to have them in consumables. 35 Magnesium’s
12 electrons are distributed as follows: two in the first shell, eight in the second shell, and two in its valence shell. According to
the octet rule, magnesium is unstable (reactive) because its valence shell has just two electrons. It is therefore likely to participate
in chemical reactions in which it donates two electrons. 37 Water is a polar molecule. It has a region of weakly positive charge
and a region of weakly negative charge. These regions are attracted to ions as well as to other polar molecules. Oils are nonpolar,
and are repelled by water. 39 It is not. An exchange reaction might be AB + CD → AC + BD or AB + CD → AD +
BC
. In all chemical reactions, including exchange reactions, the components of the reactants are identical to the components of the
products. A component present among the reactants cannot disappear, nor can a component not present in the reactants suddenly
appear in the products. 41 Lemon juice is one hundred times more acidic than orange juice. This means that lemon juice has a
one hundred-fold greater concentration of hydrogen ions. 43 Maltose contains 12 atoms of carbon, but only 22 atoms of
hydrogen and 11 atoms of oxygen, because a molecule of water is removed during its formation via dehydration synthesis.
Chapter 3
1 Higher temperatures speed up diffusion because molecules have more kinetic energy at higher temperatures. 3 an enzyme 5
the spindle 6 B 8 C 10 B 12 A 14 A 16 C 18 A 20 C 22 C 24 B 26 B 28 C 30 Only materials that are relatively small
and nonpolar can easily diffuse through the lipid bilayer. Large particles cannot fit in between the individual phospholipids that
are packed together, and polar molecules are repelled by the hydrophobic/nonpolar lipids that line the inside of the bilayer. 32
These four phenomena are similar in the sense that they describe the movement of substances down a particular type of gradient.
Osmosis and diffusion involve the movement of water and other substances down their concentration gradients, respectively.
Filtration describes the movement of particles down a pressure gradient, and the movement of ions away from like charge
describes their movement down their electrical gradient. 34 Peroxisomes and lysosomes are both cellular organelles bound by
lipid bilayer membranes, and they both contain many enzymes. However, peroxisomes contain enzymes that detoxify substances
by transferring hydrogen atoms and producing H2O2, whereas the enzymes in lysosomes function to break down and digest
various unwanted materials. 36 During cell division, one cell divides to produce two new cells. In order for all of the cells in
your body to maintain a full genome, each cell must replicate its DNA before it divides so that a full genome can be allotted to
each of its offspring cells. If DNA replication did not take place fully, or at all, the offspring cells would be missing some or all
of the genome. This could be disastrous if a cell was missing genes necessary for its function and health. 38 Transcription is
really a “copy” process and translation is really an “interpretation” process, because transcription involves copying the DNA
message into a very similar RNA message whereas translation involves converting the RNA message into the very different
amino acid message. The two processes also differ in their location: transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the
This file is copyright 2022, Rice University. All Rights Reserved.
, OpenStax Anatomy & Physiology 2e Student Answer Guide
cytoplasm. The mechanisms by
This file is copyright 2022, Rice University. All Rights Reserved.
