NAU BIO 182 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Internal Stimuli of plants - Correct Answers -- Hormones, phytohormones, or plnat
growth substances; interact to maintain homeostasis & progress through life stages
Environmental stimuli - Correct Answers --Light, atmospheric gases (CO2 and water
vapor), temperature, touch, wind, gravity, water, rocks, and soil stimuli
-Herbivores, pathogens, organic chemicals from neighboring plants, and beneficial or
harmful soil organisms
-Agricultural chemicals including hormones
Phototropsim - Correct Answers -- involves both cellular preception og light & growth
response of stem tissue to internal chemical signal (auxin)
- Review experiement on Phototropsim`
Gravitropsim - Correct Answers -- Growth in response to gravity
- Shoots are negatively gravitropic; roots are positively gravitropic
- Statocytes [have starch-heavy "statoliths"]; statoliths sink
Thigmotropism - Correct Answers -- response to touch
- Roots run into rocks as growing down. touch response on root tip, trigger lateral
growth on root. "go around" soil particle.
Flooding in plants - Correct Answers -- Too much water, roots lack source of sufficent
oxygen
- Produce internal airways aerenchyma
- Involves ethylene causing programmed cell death
Pneumatophores - Correct Answers -Some swamp plants ( eg. Mangroves) develop
special spongy roots called pneumatophores that which extend above the water's
surface and enhance gas exchange between the atmosphere and the subsurface roots
to which they are connected.
Plants & environment: Abscisic acid - Correct Answers -- coordinates reponses
- In drought, regulates aquaporin opening/closing using protein look to block aquaporin;
drought-stressed plants close their stomata
Plants response to: Herbivore attack - Correct Answers -- wide variety of defenses
,- Make plants taste bad
- Some chemicals attract enemies of attackers/ causes neighbor plants to produce
defensive compounds
Plant response: Pathogen attack - Correct Answers -- In response, plant defense
system based on resistance genes (R genes)
- Many R alleles occur providing large capacity to cope with many types of pathogens
Plants & Environment: Hypersensitive response (HR) - Correct Answers -- Occurs when
plant recognizes pathogen by chemicals and responds so disease symptoms limited
- Several components including increased production of hydrogen peroxide
- Nitric oxide also produced
Plants & Environment: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) - Correct Answers -
Hypersensitive response --> causes alarm signals to noninfected area and induce
resistance to pathogens
- produce defensive enzymes or tannins (toxic to microorganism); in acorns
Plants & Environment: Jasmonic acid - Correct Answers -An important molecule in plant
defense against herbivores.
Plants & Environment: Chemical defenses - Correct Answers -- Primary metabolites:
Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates. *All required for survival
- Secondary metabolites:Substances not used for basic cellular metabolism; nicotine=
insect repellant; Gossypol in cotton= deters herbivores; Raphides= cilica needles
Plant Chemicals: Herbs and Spices - Correct Answers -- Herbs: Leafy green parts of
plant; used in small amounts
- Spices: Compounds from any other part; seeds, berries, bark, roots, fruits
Plants & Extreme Environment: Desert - Correct Answers -- Ocotillo: leaves erupt only
when water present
- Succulents: store water
- Flowers in deserts only present before monsoon, so seeds can flourish w/ moisture
- Mesquite: extremely deep root system for water
Lichen reproduction - Correct Answers -- Sexually w/ fungal partner producing fruiting
bodies and sexual spores
- Asexually using soredia [small hyphal clumps surrounding a few algal cells]
Fungi: Biotechnology applications - Correct Answers --Fungi convert inexpensive
organic compounds into citric acid, glycerol, and antibiotics
- Flavor of blue cheese
- Bread, beer, & wine [yeast]
, Lichens - Correct Answers -- Partnerships of particular fungi and certain photosynthetic
green algae and/or cyanobacteria
- Three major forms: Crustose, foliose, fruticose
- Photosynthetic partner provides organic food molecules oxygen
- Fungal partner provides carbon dioxide, water, and minerals
Fungi: Ectomycorrhizae - Correct Answers -- Fungal hyphae penetrate the spaces
between root cell walls and plasma membranes and grow along the outer surface of the
plasma membrane
- Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) form highly branched structures with high surface area
- Coat root surface and grow between cells of roots
- Some species of oak, beech, pine, and spruce trees will not grow unless their
ectomycorrhizal partners are also present
Mycorrhizae - Correct Answers -- Association between plant roots and fungal hyphae.
Fungus recieves sugars and proteins from plant, fungus may protect plant from disease
- Essential to plants= increase water & mineral uptake
Endophytic fungi - Correct Answers -living in aboveground parts of plants.
Produce alkaloids, chemicals that help give resistance to pathogens and herbivores,
and stresses such as drought.
Dimorphic fungi - Correct Answers -- Live as spore-producing hyphae in the soil
- Transform into pathogenic yeasts when mammals inhale their wind-dispersed spores
- Host body temperature triggers the change from hyphal to yeast form
Animals: Classification based on - Correct Answers -- Tissue
- Symmetry
- Number of cell layers
- formation of body cavity
Animal classification: Tissues - Correct Answers -- metazoa : all animals; divided based
on wether there are specialized tissues
- Parazoa: Withouth specailized tissues or organs [poriferia: sponges]
- Eumetazoa
Animal classification: symmetry - Correct Answers --Eumetazoa: radial or bilateral
symmetry
- Bilateria: Have cephalization and dorsal/ventral sides; 3 germ layers
- Radiata: have oral/aboral sides; 2 germ layers. E.G. Arthropoda
Animal classifcation: number of cell layers - Correct Answers -- Bilatera are triploplastic
- Radiata are diploplastic
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AND ANSWERS
Internal Stimuli of plants - Correct Answers -- Hormones, phytohormones, or plnat
growth substances; interact to maintain homeostasis & progress through life stages
Environmental stimuli - Correct Answers --Light, atmospheric gases (CO2 and water
vapor), temperature, touch, wind, gravity, water, rocks, and soil stimuli
-Herbivores, pathogens, organic chemicals from neighboring plants, and beneficial or
harmful soil organisms
-Agricultural chemicals including hormones
Phototropsim - Correct Answers -- involves both cellular preception og light & growth
response of stem tissue to internal chemical signal (auxin)
- Review experiement on Phototropsim`
Gravitropsim - Correct Answers -- Growth in response to gravity
- Shoots are negatively gravitropic; roots are positively gravitropic
- Statocytes [have starch-heavy "statoliths"]; statoliths sink
Thigmotropism - Correct Answers -- response to touch
- Roots run into rocks as growing down. touch response on root tip, trigger lateral
growth on root. "go around" soil particle.
Flooding in plants - Correct Answers -- Too much water, roots lack source of sufficent
oxygen
- Produce internal airways aerenchyma
- Involves ethylene causing programmed cell death
Pneumatophores - Correct Answers -Some swamp plants ( eg. Mangroves) develop
special spongy roots called pneumatophores that which extend above the water's
surface and enhance gas exchange between the atmosphere and the subsurface roots
to which they are connected.
Plants & environment: Abscisic acid - Correct Answers -- coordinates reponses
- In drought, regulates aquaporin opening/closing using protein look to block aquaporin;
drought-stressed plants close their stomata
Plants response to: Herbivore attack - Correct Answers -- wide variety of defenses
,- Make plants taste bad
- Some chemicals attract enemies of attackers/ causes neighbor plants to produce
defensive compounds
Plant response: Pathogen attack - Correct Answers -- In response, plant defense
system based on resistance genes (R genes)
- Many R alleles occur providing large capacity to cope with many types of pathogens
Plants & Environment: Hypersensitive response (HR) - Correct Answers -- Occurs when
plant recognizes pathogen by chemicals and responds so disease symptoms limited
- Several components including increased production of hydrogen peroxide
- Nitric oxide also produced
Plants & Environment: Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) - Correct Answers -
Hypersensitive response --> causes alarm signals to noninfected area and induce
resistance to pathogens
- produce defensive enzymes or tannins (toxic to microorganism); in acorns
Plants & Environment: Jasmonic acid - Correct Answers -An important molecule in plant
defense against herbivores.
Plants & Environment: Chemical defenses - Correct Answers -- Primary metabolites:
Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates. *All required for survival
- Secondary metabolites:Substances not used for basic cellular metabolism; nicotine=
insect repellant; Gossypol in cotton= deters herbivores; Raphides= cilica needles
Plant Chemicals: Herbs and Spices - Correct Answers -- Herbs: Leafy green parts of
plant; used in small amounts
- Spices: Compounds from any other part; seeds, berries, bark, roots, fruits
Plants & Extreme Environment: Desert - Correct Answers -- Ocotillo: leaves erupt only
when water present
- Succulents: store water
- Flowers in deserts only present before monsoon, so seeds can flourish w/ moisture
- Mesquite: extremely deep root system for water
Lichen reproduction - Correct Answers -- Sexually w/ fungal partner producing fruiting
bodies and sexual spores
- Asexually using soredia [small hyphal clumps surrounding a few algal cells]
Fungi: Biotechnology applications - Correct Answers --Fungi convert inexpensive
organic compounds into citric acid, glycerol, and antibiotics
- Flavor of blue cheese
- Bread, beer, & wine [yeast]
, Lichens - Correct Answers -- Partnerships of particular fungi and certain photosynthetic
green algae and/or cyanobacteria
- Three major forms: Crustose, foliose, fruticose
- Photosynthetic partner provides organic food molecules oxygen
- Fungal partner provides carbon dioxide, water, and minerals
Fungi: Ectomycorrhizae - Correct Answers -- Fungal hyphae penetrate the spaces
between root cell walls and plasma membranes and grow along the outer surface of the
plasma membrane
- Arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM) form highly branched structures with high surface area
- Coat root surface and grow between cells of roots
- Some species of oak, beech, pine, and spruce trees will not grow unless their
ectomycorrhizal partners are also present
Mycorrhizae - Correct Answers -- Association between plant roots and fungal hyphae.
Fungus recieves sugars and proteins from plant, fungus may protect plant from disease
- Essential to plants= increase water & mineral uptake
Endophytic fungi - Correct Answers -living in aboveground parts of plants.
Produce alkaloids, chemicals that help give resistance to pathogens and herbivores,
and stresses such as drought.
Dimorphic fungi - Correct Answers -- Live as spore-producing hyphae in the soil
- Transform into pathogenic yeasts when mammals inhale their wind-dispersed spores
- Host body temperature triggers the change from hyphal to yeast form
Animals: Classification based on - Correct Answers -- Tissue
- Symmetry
- Number of cell layers
- formation of body cavity
Animal classification: Tissues - Correct Answers -- metazoa : all animals; divided based
on wether there are specialized tissues
- Parazoa: Withouth specailized tissues or organs [poriferia: sponges]
- Eumetazoa
Animal classification: symmetry - Correct Answers --Eumetazoa: radial or bilateral
symmetry
- Bilateria: Have cephalization and dorsal/ventral sides; 3 germ layers
- Radiata: have oral/aboral sides; 2 germ layers. E.G. Arthropoda
Animal classifcation: number of cell layers - Correct Answers -- Bilatera are triploplastic
- Radiata are diploplastic
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