Ancient Medicine Exam 1 with correct answers 100%

Ancient Medicine Exam 1 with correct answers 100% Greek Archaic Period - Correct Answer From about 800-480 BC; characterized by the rise of polis (city-states that were largely independent); saw the formation of Greek colonies throughout the ancient world and the increase in Greek expatriation. Followed the so-called Greek dark ages. Pathocoenosis - Correct Answer the unique disease and demographic profile of a city Paleopathology - Correct Answer would involve the study of ancient artifacts that describe disease (be they medical texts, plays, artworks) and try to match the depictions of the disease with existing diseases Bioarchaeology - Correct Answer the study of bones and enamel to draw conclusions of the diseases people dealt with. Can be very limiting because of the age of the remains and the fact that not all illnesses will necessarily manifest in the bones in a way that can survive long enough to be observed by modern archaeologists. Puretoi - Correct Answer a type of fever Febres - Correct Answer in ancient Greek medicine these fevers, rather than being symptomatic of other illnesses, were viewed and treated as illnesses in and of themselves. lepra - Correct Answer Greek term for a skin ailment characterized by scaliness. Though this is the origin for the colloquial term for Hansen's disease, it was often used to describe many varying types of disfiguring skin conditions, such as psoriasis, elephantitis, and even fungal infections. Homer (Iliad and Odyssey) - Correct Answer Wrote about medicine with accuracy and technical precision. Described medicine as a profession that was passed down in families. Implied that there was an exchange of medical ideas across cultures/borders in the ancient world (this is questionable), as well as an exchange of medical practitioners. Due to his surprisingly sophisticated descriptions of injuries, illnesses, and treatments, some historians believe he may have been a doctor. Hesiod (Works and Days) - Correct Answer Wrote that plague, disease, and human misery in general was caused and controlled by Zeus. Described diseases as being silent creatures (which were deprived of speech by Zeus) that traveled around, making people ill. Herodotus - Correct Answer A historian who, due to his lack of fluency in the Babylonian language(s), mistakenly believed that there were no doctors in Babylonia. Described ancient Egypt as a land where everyone was a doctor and where doctors specialized in specific ailments or specific body parts. This is likely also a misunderstanding. Machaon and Podalirius - Correct Answer Two brothers, featured in Homer's Illiad, who are described as being capable and competent physicians able to cure any ailment. Their knowledge about medicine was described as being descended from Chiron the Centaur. Iatros - Correct Answer a healer Ninyas the Egyptian - Correct Answer The only foreign physician known to have been cited by a Greek physician (Anonymus Londinensis). May not have been ethnically Egyptian at all. Believed that there were two types of afflictions: Congenital (innate) or Acquired (often caused by residues of nutriment or the body overworking on improperly stored nutriment). Presocratic philosophers - Correct Answer These early thinkers hoped to find natural, non-divine, explanations for phenomena. They assumed that human beings were made of the same materials as the natural world and would behave in accordance to the same rules. Used reason and argument to penetrate the visible and view the invisible. Empedocles (~460 BC) - Correct Answer believed that everything that could be perceived was made up of different combination of four elements (earth, air, fire, and water). The proportions of these four elements determined the substance that they formed (i.e. blood contains different proportional relationships of the four elements than do bones, etc). He believed that differences in heat could account for the differences between the sexes (i.e. men, being hotter, were better cooked than women) and could explain certain bodily processes, such as sleep (which he described as a cooling process). Alcmaeon of Croton - Correct Answer held a similar believed to Empedocles that health depends on a balanced mixture based on the complete blending together of all the body's forces (i.e moist, dry, bitter, sweet). Believed the isonomia (balance) was the root of health and disease (health is maintained by proper balance). Additionally interested in crasis and eucrasis, that different types of bile should be mixed correctly and appropriately for good health. Diogenes of Apollonia (~5th century) - Correct Answer believed that everything, including thought and sensation, was derived from air. May have viewed semen as the vehicle of the soul because of the presence of pneuma. Hypothesized a link between the spinal marrow and the testicles. Suggested a connection between the brain, soul, and embryo. Democritus of Abdera (~420 BC) - Correct Answer is significant because he believed that the world of was made of atoms and void. He was a proponent of a healthy lifestyle and emphasized prevention of diseases over cure. Believed that the dominant seed would determine which parent a child most resembled. Physikos - Correct Answer a student of nature iatromantis - Correct Answer medical prophet Reductionism - Correct Answer Concept of reducing nature down into simple principles to better understand why things are formed/why things do what they do Can be broken down into the 4 elements or atoms/space practiced by presocratic philosophers 'naturalism' - Correct Answer Involved observing how things in nature occur without the force of the Gods Ionic dialect - Correct Answer Spoken in the city of Ionia; the dialect in which the Hippocratic Corpus is written. The pre-socratic philosophers also wrote in this dialect. Doric dialect - Correct Answer Spoken in the city of Cos; the native dialect of Hippocrates, though all of the writings of the Hippocratic Corpus and other philosophers is actually not written in this dialect. Four elements - Correct Answer earth, air, fire, and water Eucrasis/crasis - Correct Answer The concept of mixtures of certain elements or aspects within the body which contribute to the health of an individual Isonomia - Correct Answer The concept of balances of certain elements or aspects within the body which contribute to the health of an individual Pneuma - Correct Answer Air/breath/spirit. Present in seed/semen and transmitted through male and female ejaculate (as the Greeks believed both men and women produced ejaculate). Hippocrates the Asclepiad/Hippocrates the Heraclidae/Hippocrates of Cos/Hippocrates the Father of Medicine - Correct Answer All refer to the same man. Refers to his possible descendance from Asclepius or Heracles (or simply his relation to them as a result of his profession). Refers to his birth city. Refers to the fact that much of western medicine is considered to be descended from him and his disciples. Hippocrates in the eyes of his contemporaries (Aristotle and Plato) - Correct Answer Plato wrote Protagoras and Phaedrus—These writings indicate that Hippocrates was already famous and well respected within medicine; Hippocrates was iconic as a good physician; The latter text links Hippocrates to Asclepius (unclear what he actually meant); Mentions the Hippocratic method—examination by deduction, analyzing the qualities of separate parts of a whole. Aristotle wrote Politics—Referencing to him as "Hippocrates" the famous physician, implies that Hippocrates was so famous that he doesn't need elaboration. Pseudepigraphic literature on Hippocrates (Letters, Embassy, Speech at the Altar, Decree) - Correct Answer (350-250 BC) Greek Archaic Period - Correct Answer From about 800-480 BC; characterized by the rise of polis (city-states that were largely independent); saw the formation of Greek colonies throughout the ancient world and the increase in Greek expatriation. Followed the so-called Greek dark ages. Pathocoenosis - Correct Answer the unique disease and demographic profile of a city Paleopathology - Correct Answer would involve the study of ancient artifacts that describe disease (be they medical texts, plays, artworks) and try to match the depictions of the disease with existing diseases Bioarchaeology - Correct Answer the study of bones and enamel to draw conclusions of the diseases people dealt with. Can be very limiting because of the age of the remains and the fact that not all illnesses will necessarily manifest in the bones in a way that can survive long enough to be observed by modern archaeologists. Puretoi - Correct Answer a type of fever Febres - Correct Answer in ancient Greek medicine these fevers, rather than being symptomatic of other illnesses, were viewed and treated as illnesses in and of themselves. lepra - Correct Answer Greek term for a skin ailment characterized by scaliness. Though this is the origin for the colloquial term for Hansen's disease, it was often used to describe many varying types of disfiguring skin conditions, such as psoriasis, elephantitis, and even fungal infections. Homer (Iliad and Odyssey) - Correct Answer Wrote about medicine with accuracy and technical precision. Described medicine as a profession that was passed down in families. Implied that there was an exchange of medical ideas across cultures/borders in the ancient world (this is questionable), as well as an exchange of medical practitioners. Due to his surprisingly sophisticated descriptions of injuries, illnesses, and treatments, some historians believe he may have been a doctor. Hesiod (Works and Days) - Correct Answer Wrote that plague, disease, and human misery in general was caused and controlled by Zeus. Described diseases as being silent creatures (which were deprived of speech by Zeus) that traveled around, making people ill. Herodotus - Correct Answer A historian who, due to his lack of fluency in the Babylonian language(s), mistakenly believed that there were no doctors in Babylonia. Described ancient Egypt as a land where everyone was a doctor and where doctors specialized in specific ailments or specific body parts. This is likely also a misunderstanding. Machaon and Podalirius - Correct Answer Two brothers, featured in Homer's Illiad, who are described as being capable and competent physicians able to cure any ailment. Their knowledge about medicine was described as being descended from Chiron the Centaur. Iatros - Correct Answer a healer Ninyas the Egyptian - Correct Answer The only foreign physician known to have been cited by a Greek physician (Anonymus Londinensis). May not have been ethnically Egyptian at all. Believed that there were two types of afflictions: Congenital (innate) or Acquired (often caused by residues of nutriment or the body overworking on improperly stored nutriment). Presocratic philosophers - Correct Answer These early thinkers hoped to find natural, non-divine, explanations for phenomena. They assumed that human beings were made of the same materials as the natural world and would behave in accordance to the same rules. Used reason and argument to penetrate the visible and view the invisible. Empedocles (~460 BC) - Correct Answer believed that everything that could be perceived was made up of different combination of four elements (earth, air, fire, and water). The proportions of these four elements determined the substance that they formed (i.e. blood contains different proportional relationships of the four elements than do bones, etc). He believed that differences in heat could account for the differences between the sexes (i.e. men, being hotter, were better cooked than women) and could explain certain bodily processes, such as sleep (which he described as a cooling process). Alcmaeon of Croton - Correct Answer held a similar believed to Empedocles that health depends on a balanced mixture based on the complete blending together of all the body's forces (i.e moist, dry, bitter, sweet). Believed the isonomia (balance) was the root of health and disease (health is maintained by proper balance). Additionally interested in crasis and eucrasis, that different types of bile should be mixed correctly and appropriately for good health. Diogenes of Apollonia (~5th century) - Correct Answer believed that everything, including thought and sensation, was derived from air. May have viewed semen as the vehicle of the soul because of the presence of pneuma. Hypothesized a link between the spinal marrow and the testicles. Suggested a connection between the brain, soul, and embryo. Democritus of Abdera (~420 BC) - Correct Answer is significant because he believed that the world of was made of atoms and void. He was a proponent of a healthy lifestyle and emphasized prevention of diseases over cure. Believed that the dominant seed would determine which parent a child most resembled. Physikos - Correct Answer a student of nature iatromantis - Correct Answer medical prophet Reductionism - Correct Answer Concept of reducing nature down into simple principles to better understand why things are formed/why things do what they do Can be broken down into the 4 elements or atoms/space practiced by presocratic philosophers 'naturalism' - Correct Answer Involved observing how things in nature occur without the force of the Gods Ionic dialect - Correct Answer Spoken in the city of Ionia; the dialect in which the Hippocratic Corpus is written. The pre-socratic philosophers also wrote in this dialect. Doric dialect - Correct Answer Spoken in the city of Cos; the native dialect of Hippocrates, though all of the writings of the Hippocratic Corpus and other philosophers is actually not written in this dialect. Four elements - Correct Answer earth, air, fire, and water Eucrasis/crasis - Correct Answer The concept of mixtures of certain elements or aspects within the body which contribute to the health of an individual Isonomia - Correct Answer The concept of balances of certain elements or aspects within the body which contribute to the health of an individual Pneuma - Correct Answer Air/breath/spirit. Present in seed/semen and transmitted through male and female ejaculate (as the Greeks believed both men and women produced ejaculate). Hippocrates the Asclepiad/Hippocrates the Heraclidae/Hippocrates of Cos/Hippocrates the Father of Medicine - Correct Answer All refer to the same man. Refers to his possible descendance from Asclepius or Heracles (or simply his relation to them as a result of his profession). Refers to his birth city. Refers to the fact that much of western medicine is considered to be descended from him and his disciples. Hippocrates in the eyes of his contemporaries (Aristotle and Plato) - Correct Answer Plato wrote Protagoras and Phaedrus—These writings indicate that Hippocrates was already famous and well respected within medicine; Hippocrates was iconic as a good physician; The latter text links Hippocrates to Asclepius (unclear what he actually meant); Mentions the Hippocratic method—examination by deduction, analyzing the qualities of separate parts of a whole. Aristotle wrote Politics—Referencing to him as "Hippocrates" the famous physician, implies that Hippocrates was so famous that he doesn't need elaboration. Pseudepigraphic literature on Hippocrates (Letters, Embassy, Speech at the Altar, Decree) - Correct Answer (350-250 BC)