Quiz and Book Questions and Rationales for Exam One
Cell Physiology and Altered Tissues
During hypoxia, what is the main cause of the cellular injury?
Sodium accumulates in the cell and causes cellular swelling
o During a hypoxic injury, there is a decrease in ATP, causing the failure of the
sodium-pump and sodium-calcium exchange. When this happens, sodium
accumulates into the cell and water follows, leading to cellular swelling.
Potassium accumulates in the cell and causes cellular swelling
More ATP is created under which conditions?
Aerobic
o A maximum of 38 molecules of ATP are formed during aerobic conditions,
compared to 2 ATP molecules formed under anaerobic conditions.
Anaerobic
Which of the following is the major intracellular ion?
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
o Potassium, magnesium and phosphate are in the ICF, with potassium being the
most abundant ICF ion. The ECF contains sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions,
with sodium being the most abundant ECF ion.
Calcium
When a molecule or electrolyte moving against the concentration gradient and directly using
energy this describes which type of transport?
Secondary Active Transport
Primary Active Transport
o Primary active transport is when molecules are pumped against a concentration
gradient at the expense of energy. Secondary active transport is driven by the
energy stored in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+). Diffusion
is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration. Osmosis is the passive transport of fluid across a membrane from
an area of lower solute concentration into an area of higher solute concentration.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Which electrolyte molecule moves by counter-transport when sodium moves into the cell?
Bicarbonate
Calcium
o Calcium and sodium have counter-transport, so for example if sodium is not
moving into the cell, calcium does not come out of the cell which would lead to an
increase in intracellular calcium levels.
,Which of the following are the 2 major neurotransmitters involved in smooth muscle
contraction?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Norepinephrine and acetylcholine
o The two major neurotransmitters involved in smooth muscle contraction are
acetylcholine and norepinephrine. When acetylcholine excites a muscle fiber,
norepinephrine usually inhibits it.
Epinephrine and acetylcholine
What causes the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, to be released from the presynaptic
membrane of the neuromuscular junction?
Potassium channels open
Chloride channels open
Sodium channels open
Calcium channels open
o During neuromuscular transmission, an action potential travels down the
nerve fiber until it reaches the presynaptic terminal to stimulate the
opening of calcium channels. Calcium then moves inside of the cell
causing exocytosis of acetylcholine. Sodium and potassium channels open
when acetylcholine binds to its receptor on the motor end plate.
Positive feedback results in:
A result that is the same as the initiating stimulus
o Positive feedback promotes a change in one direction and exaggerates the
original response. Examples of positive feedback are labor contractions and blood
clotting. Negative feedback promotes stability and cancels out the original
response.
A result that is opposite then the initiating stimulus
Lead poisoning in children affects which branch of the nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
o Lead toxicity in adults affects the peripheral nervous system and can lead to
neuropathy. Lead toxicity in children affects the central nervous system and can
lead to learning disorders, hyperactivity, and attention problems.
What causes depolarization in an action potential?
Sodium moves into the cell
o A flow of a positive charge into the cell through sodium depolarizes the
membrane potential. A flow of positive charge out of the cell through potassium
leads to repolarization of the membrane potential.
Sodium moves out of the cell
Potassium moves into the cell
, Potassium moves out of the cell
Which of the following best describes the term hyperpolarization?
The inside of the cell becomes more negative
o Hyperpolarization is defined as the process of making the membrane potential
more negative. Depolarization is defined as the process of making the membrane
potential less negative.
The inside of the cell becomes more positive
In the NMJ where and to what does acetylcholine bind to?
Binds to the presynaptic sodium channels
Binds to presynaptic nicotinic receptors
Binds to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors
o Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate.
Binds to the postsynaptic sodium channels
True or False: Dysregulated apoptosis can lead to autoimmune disorders?
True
o Dysregulated apoptosis can lead to cancer, autoimmune disorders,
neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemic injury.
False
Sarcopenia is defined as?
Atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells
Loss of muscle mass and strength
o Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and strength. Pathologic atrophy
is a shrinking in cells that results from a decrease in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal/nervous stimulation. Wasting syndrome of
aging is known as frailty and is characterized by overall weakness, decreased
stamina, and functional decline.
Wasting syndrome of aging
Where is calcium stored in between skeletal muscle contractions?
Bound to calsequestrin in the nucleus
Bound to calsequestrin in the Golgi bodies
Bound to calsequestrin in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
o Calcium is bound to calsequestrin in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to maintain a low
calcium concentration and reduce the work of the calcium ATPase pump.
Hyperplasia represents what type of change in the cell?
Increase in size
Decrease in size
Decrease in cell number
Increase in cell number
Cell Physiology and Altered Tissues
During hypoxia, what is the main cause of the cellular injury?
Sodium accumulates in the cell and causes cellular swelling
o During a hypoxic injury, there is a decrease in ATP, causing the failure of the
sodium-pump and sodium-calcium exchange. When this happens, sodium
accumulates into the cell and water follows, leading to cellular swelling.
Potassium accumulates in the cell and causes cellular swelling
More ATP is created under which conditions?
Aerobic
o A maximum of 38 molecules of ATP are formed during aerobic conditions,
compared to 2 ATP molecules formed under anaerobic conditions.
Anaerobic
Which of the following is the major intracellular ion?
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
o Potassium, magnesium and phosphate are in the ICF, with potassium being the
most abundant ICF ion. The ECF contains sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions,
with sodium being the most abundant ECF ion.
Calcium
When a molecule or electrolyte moving against the concentration gradient and directly using
energy this describes which type of transport?
Secondary Active Transport
Primary Active Transport
o Primary active transport is when molecules are pumped against a concentration
gradient at the expense of energy. Secondary active transport is driven by the
energy stored in the concentration gradient of another molecule (Na+). Diffusion
is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower
concentration. Osmosis is the passive transport of fluid across a membrane from
an area of lower solute concentration into an area of higher solute concentration.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Which electrolyte molecule moves by counter-transport when sodium moves into the cell?
Bicarbonate
Calcium
o Calcium and sodium have counter-transport, so for example if sodium is not
moving into the cell, calcium does not come out of the cell which would lead to an
increase in intracellular calcium levels.
,Which of the following are the 2 major neurotransmitters involved in smooth muscle
contraction?
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Norepinephrine and acetylcholine
o The two major neurotransmitters involved in smooth muscle contraction are
acetylcholine and norepinephrine. When acetylcholine excites a muscle fiber,
norepinephrine usually inhibits it.
Epinephrine and acetylcholine
What causes the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, to be released from the presynaptic
membrane of the neuromuscular junction?
Potassium channels open
Chloride channels open
Sodium channels open
Calcium channels open
o During neuromuscular transmission, an action potential travels down the
nerve fiber until it reaches the presynaptic terminal to stimulate the
opening of calcium channels. Calcium then moves inside of the cell
causing exocytosis of acetylcholine. Sodium and potassium channels open
when acetylcholine binds to its receptor on the motor end plate.
Positive feedback results in:
A result that is the same as the initiating stimulus
o Positive feedback promotes a change in one direction and exaggerates the
original response. Examples of positive feedback are labor contractions and blood
clotting. Negative feedback promotes stability and cancels out the original
response.
A result that is opposite then the initiating stimulus
Lead poisoning in children affects which branch of the nervous system?
Peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
o Lead toxicity in adults affects the peripheral nervous system and can lead to
neuropathy. Lead toxicity in children affects the central nervous system and can
lead to learning disorders, hyperactivity, and attention problems.
What causes depolarization in an action potential?
Sodium moves into the cell
o A flow of a positive charge into the cell through sodium depolarizes the
membrane potential. A flow of positive charge out of the cell through potassium
leads to repolarization of the membrane potential.
Sodium moves out of the cell
Potassium moves into the cell
, Potassium moves out of the cell
Which of the following best describes the term hyperpolarization?
The inside of the cell becomes more negative
o Hyperpolarization is defined as the process of making the membrane potential
more negative. Depolarization is defined as the process of making the membrane
potential less negative.
The inside of the cell becomes more positive
In the NMJ where and to what does acetylcholine bind to?
Binds to the presynaptic sodium channels
Binds to presynaptic nicotinic receptors
Binds to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors
o Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors on the motor end plate.
Binds to the postsynaptic sodium channels
True or False: Dysregulated apoptosis can lead to autoimmune disorders?
True
o Dysregulated apoptosis can lead to cancer, autoimmune disorders,
neurodegenerative diseases, and ischemic injury.
False
Sarcopenia is defined as?
Atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells
Loss of muscle mass and strength
o Sarcopenia is defined as the loss of muscle mass and strength. Pathologic atrophy
is a shrinking in cells that results from a decrease in workload, use, pressure,
blood supply, nutrition, and hormonal/nervous stimulation. Wasting syndrome of
aging is known as frailty and is characterized by overall weakness, decreased
stamina, and functional decline.
Wasting syndrome of aging
Where is calcium stored in between skeletal muscle contractions?
Bound to calsequestrin in the nucleus
Bound to calsequestrin in the Golgi bodies
Bound to calsequestrin in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
o Calcium is bound to calsequestrin in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to maintain a low
calcium concentration and reduce the work of the calcium ATPase pump.
Hyperplasia represents what type of change in the cell?
Increase in size
Decrease in size
Decrease in cell number
Increase in cell number
