APHON ACTUAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ immune surveillance. Answer: tumor cells express abnormal
tumor antigens on surface that can be recognized/destroyed by
immune system
◉ natural killer cells. Answer: lymphocyte that recognizes/kills
malignant cells
◉ cytotoxic t cells. Answer: recognize tumor-assosiated antigens and
kills cells
◉ interferons. Answer: multiple moa's & produced w/ recombinant
dna.
protein capable of protecting other cells from viral infections by
interfering w/ viral replication.
family of glycoproteins include: antiviral, antiproliferative, potent
immunomodulatory effects
◉ cytokines. Answer: products of immune cells to enhance cytotoxic
activity of cells and increase immune response
,◉ alpha-interferon. Answer: leukocyte-derived. tx: hairy cell
leukemia, melanoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, follicular
lymphoma, multiple myeloma, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
◉ beta-interferon. Answer: fibroblast-derived. tx MS
◉ gamma-interferon. Answer: t-lymphocyte derived. tx chronic
granulomatus disease
◉ interleukin-2. Answer: produced by t-helper cells & stimulate
growth/maturation of t-cell subsets, cytotoxic t-cells, production of
lymphokines & cytokines.
act as chemical signals b/w wbc's (revs up immune system)
◉ retinoids. Answer: immunomodulators that facilitate
differentiation & suppress proliferation of cancer cells
◉ all-trans retinoic acid (atra). Answer: tx: aml, aml m3 subtype, apl
increase maturation of promyelocytic blasts and rapid resolution of
coagulopathy r/t tx.
◉ isotretinoin (accutane). Answer: retinoid tx neuroblastoma.
,have antitumor activity unknown moa. TERATOGENIC. male/female
pt must register iPledge (fetal exposure). can also affect hearing &
vision
◉ antibodies. Answer: proteins produced by b-lymphocytes. part of
humoral immunity of adaptive system. includes immunoglobulins
(igG, igA, igM, igE, igD)
◉ murine. Answer: mouse-derived MoAbs. pt develops human
antimouse antibodies creating high risk of hypersensitivity rx
end in -momab
◉ Monoclonal antibodies. Answer: very specific. directed against
single antigenic determinant on cell surface causing antibody-
dependent cellular toxicity, direct cell death, elimination of
antigen/target cell that expresses the antigen
low toxicity
◉ -ximab. Answer: moab combo of human & mouse antibodies
◉ -zumab. Answer: moab humanized, small part of mouse antibody
fused w/ human antibody
◉ -umab. Answer: fully humanized moabs
, ◉ chimeric moab. Answer: murine variable & human constant
coupled using recombinant dna
◉ purpose of moabs. Answer: attach low-dose radioisotopes to
image residual disease. target chemo, radiation, biotherapy to tumor
purge autologous bone marrow of cancer cells before transplant
selectively remove t cells responsible for gvhd from marrow prior to
allogenic transplant
efficacy increased w/ chemo or radioactive substances
◉ rituximab. Answer: tx relapsed/refractory b-cell lymphoma,
cd20+, non-hodgkins lymphoma (w/ chop), posttransplant
lymphoproliferative d/o, & chronic gvhd
◉ rituximab moa. Answer: act on CD20 antigen on surface of
normal/malignant b lymphocytes and works w/ immune system to
induce b-cell lysis
◉ radiopharmaceuticals. Answer: moabs that have radioactive
source attached for cancer killing effect
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ immune surveillance. Answer: tumor cells express abnormal
tumor antigens on surface that can be recognized/destroyed by
immune system
◉ natural killer cells. Answer: lymphocyte that recognizes/kills
malignant cells
◉ cytotoxic t cells. Answer: recognize tumor-assosiated antigens and
kills cells
◉ interferons. Answer: multiple moa's & produced w/ recombinant
dna.
protein capable of protecting other cells from viral infections by
interfering w/ viral replication.
family of glycoproteins include: antiviral, antiproliferative, potent
immunomodulatory effects
◉ cytokines. Answer: products of immune cells to enhance cytotoxic
activity of cells and increase immune response
,◉ alpha-interferon. Answer: leukocyte-derived. tx: hairy cell
leukemia, melanoma, chronic myeloid leukemia, follicular
lymphoma, multiple myeloma, cutaneous t-cell lymphoma
◉ beta-interferon. Answer: fibroblast-derived. tx MS
◉ gamma-interferon. Answer: t-lymphocyte derived. tx chronic
granulomatus disease
◉ interleukin-2. Answer: produced by t-helper cells & stimulate
growth/maturation of t-cell subsets, cytotoxic t-cells, production of
lymphokines & cytokines.
act as chemical signals b/w wbc's (revs up immune system)
◉ retinoids. Answer: immunomodulators that facilitate
differentiation & suppress proliferation of cancer cells
◉ all-trans retinoic acid (atra). Answer: tx: aml, aml m3 subtype, apl
increase maturation of promyelocytic blasts and rapid resolution of
coagulopathy r/t tx.
◉ isotretinoin (accutane). Answer: retinoid tx neuroblastoma.
,have antitumor activity unknown moa. TERATOGENIC. male/female
pt must register iPledge (fetal exposure). can also affect hearing &
vision
◉ antibodies. Answer: proteins produced by b-lymphocytes. part of
humoral immunity of adaptive system. includes immunoglobulins
(igG, igA, igM, igE, igD)
◉ murine. Answer: mouse-derived MoAbs. pt develops human
antimouse antibodies creating high risk of hypersensitivity rx
end in -momab
◉ Monoclonal antibodies. Answer: very specific. directed against
single antigenic determinant on cell surface causing antibody-
dependent cellular toxicity, direct cell death, elimination of
antigen/target cell that expresses the antigen
low toxicity
◉ -ximab. Answer: moab combo of human & mouse antibodies
◉ -zumab. Answer: moab humanized, small part of mouse antibody
fused w/ human antibody
◉ -umab. Answer: fully humanized moabs
, ◉ chimeric moab. Answer: murine variable & human constant
coupled using recombinant dna
◉ purpose of moabs. Answer: attach low-dose radioisotopes to
image residual disease. target chemo, radiation, biotherapy to tumor
purge autologous bone marrow of cancer cells before transplant
selectively remove t cells responsible for gvhd from marrow prior to
allogenic transplant
efficacy increased w/ chemo or radioactive substances
◉ rituximab. Answer: tx relapsed/refractory b-cell lymphoma,
cd20+, non-hodgkins lymphoma (w/ chop), posttransplant
lymphoproliferative d/o, & chronic gvhd
◉ rituximab moa. Answer: act on CD20 antigen on surface of
normal/malignant b lymphocytes and works w/ immune system to
induce b-cell lysis
◉ radiopharmaceuticals. Answer: moabs that have radioactive
source attached for cancer killing effect
