APHON FINAL STUDY PAPER 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ darbepoetin (aranesp). Answer: long-acting epoetin. given weekly.
dose 0.45mcg/kg sq. titrate dosing to not get hgb >12
◉ ESA APPRISE. Answer: risk management system associated w/
erythropoiesis-stimulating factors. increase risk of tumor
growth/progression, cv events, decreased survival rates when hgb
>12
◉ oprelvekin (neumega). Answer: thrombopoietic growth factor.
stim hsc & megakaryocyte precursurs to pvt severe
thrombocytopenia. dosing: qd sc @ 50mcg/kg 24h post chemo until
platelets >50k
◉ tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Answer: interfere w/ cell comms &
growth. primarily block epidermal growth factor receptors to pvt
cell proliferation, promo apoptosis & inh antiangiogenesis
◉ angiogenesis. Answer: growth of new blood vessels from existing
vessels. tumor viability is dependent for growth. vascular
endothelial growth factors (vegf) cascade major factor
,◉ bevacizumab (avastin). Answer: vegf inhibitor. pvt angiogenesis.
tx in relapse/refractory solid tumors
◉ vegf inhibitors. Answer: endostatin, thalidamide. typically used in
conjunction w/ chemo. given long-term to pvt growth/metastasis.
mild SE
◉ vaccines. Answer: substance injected to stimulate immune system
to launch response against target in vaccine
◉ cancer vaccine. Answer: prophylactic. given to healthy individuals
(ex: HPV). stimulate immune system to attack viruses that can cause
cancer. created by obtaining tumor cells, irradiating them & altering
them so immune system recognizes tumor cells as foreign
◉ goal of cancer vaccine. Answer: produce potent immune response
involving cellular & humoral arms of immune system leading to t-
cell & antibody response
◉ gene therapy. Answer: replace missing/mutated genes w/ healthy
genes (like faulty tumor suppressor genes: p53).
active immunotherapy: intro cytokines/tumor antigen to elicit
response from immune system
adopitive immunotherapy: cell-transfer. pt own lymphocytes
modified ex vivo to enhance antitumor activity then put back into pt
,◉ urinalysis. Answer: prior to admin cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide,
and mtx
focusing on urine pH, spec grav, rbc presence
◉ kidney function & gfr & creat clearance. Answer: prior to hd mtx ,
cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide r/t renal toxicity
◉ pulmonary function testing. Answer: monitor lung toxicity r/t
bleomycin, busulfan, pulmonary radiation therapy
◉ audiogram or brain stem evoked response. Answer: audiotoxicity
w/ cisplatin. associated w/ high frequency hearing loss. test
performed at dx
◉ ekg. Answer: obtained at dx when giving cardiotoxic agents:
doxorubicin
◉ surgery. Answer: goal: reduce tumor volume
◉ common serum analyses. Answer: electrolytes, na, k, co2, mg,
phos, ca
, ◉ ast / alt, bilirubin, total prtn, albumin. Answer: measure hepatic
function
◉ bun, creatinine. Answer: measure renal function
◉ ldh. Answer: measures metabolism of carbs. released from cells in
liver, heart, skeletal muscle, nephrons
increased in kids w/ bone tumors, lymphomas, leukemia
◉ alk. Answer: increased in kids w/ osteosarcomas
◉ uric acid. Answer: elevated in kids w/ leukemia and non-hodgkin
lymphoma
increases as cells undergo destruction & lyse
◉ alpha-fetoprotein (afp). Answer: glycoprotien detected in kids w/
primary liver or germ cell tumors (hepatoblastoma & gct)
◉ n-myc. Answer: oncogene (dna sequence) found in neuroblastoma
cells. usually indicative of poor prognosis
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
◉ darbepoetin (aranesp). Answer: long-acting epoetin. given weekly.
dose 0.45mcg/kg sq. titrate dosing to not get hgb >12
◉ ESA APPRISE. Answer: risk management system associated w/
erythropoiesis-stimulating factors. increase risk of tumor
growth/progression, cv events, decreased survival rates when hgb
>12
◉ oprelvekin (neumega). Answer: thrombopoietic growth factor.
stim hsc & megakaryocyte precursurs to pvt severe
thrombocytopenia. dosing: qd sc @ 50mcg/kg 24h post chemo until
platelets >50k
◉ tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Answer: interfere w/ cell comms &
growth. primarily block epidermal growth factor receptors to pvt
cell proliferation, promo apoptosis & inh antiangiogenesis
◉ angiogenesis. Answer: growth of new blood vessels from existing
vessels. tumor viability is dependent for growth. vascular
endothelial growth factors (vegf) cascade major factor
,◉ bevacizumab (avastin). Answer: vegf inhibitor. pvt angiogenesis.
tx in relapse/refractory solid tumors
◉ vegf inhibitors. Answer: endostatin, thalidamide. typically used in
conjunction w/ chemo. given long-term to pvt growth/metastasis.
mild SE
◉ vaccines. Answer: substance injected to stimulate immune system
to launch response against target in vaccine
◉ cancer vaccine. Answer: prophylactic. given to healthy individuals
(ex: HPV). stimulate immune system to attack viruses that can cause
cancer. created by obtaining tumor cells, irradiating them & altering
them so immune system recognizes tumor cells as foreign
◉ goal of cancer vaccine. Answer: produce potent immune response
involving cellular & humoral arms of immune system leading to t-
cell & antibody response
◉ gene therapy. Answer: replace missing/mutated genes w/ healthy
genes (like faulty tumor suppressor genes: p53).
active immunotherapy: intro cytokines/tumor antigen to elicit
response from immune system
adopitive immunotherapy: cell-transfer. pt own lymphocytes
modified ex vivo to enhance antitumor activity then put back into pt
,◉ urinalysis. Answer: prior to admin cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide,
and mtx
focusing on urine pH, spec grav, rbc presence
◉ kidney function & gfr & creat clearance. Answer: prior to hd mtx ,
cisplatin, carboplatin, ifosfamide r/t renal toxicity
◉ pulmonary function testing. Answer: monitor lung toxicity r/t
bleomycin, busulfan, pulmonary radiation therapy
◉ audiogram or brain stem evoked response. Answer: audiotoxicity
w/ cisplatin. associated w/ high frequency hearing loss. test
performed at dx
◉ ekg. Answer: obtained at dx when giving cardiotoxic agents:
doxorubicin
◉ surgery. Answer: goal: reduce tumor volume
◉ common serum analyses. Answer: electrolytes, na, k, co2, mg,
phos, ca
, ◉ ast / alt, bilirubin, total prtn, albumin. Answer: measure hepatic
function
◉ bun, creatinine. Answer: measure renal function
◉ ldh. Answer: measures metabolism of carbs. released from cells in
liver, heart, skeletal muscle, nephrons
increased in kids w/ bone tumors, lymphomas, leukemia
◉ alk. Answer: increased in kids w/ osteosarcomas
◉ uric acid. Answer: elevated in kids w/ leukemia and non-hodgkin
lymphoma
increases as cells undergo destruction & lyse
◉ alpha-fetoprotein (afp). Answer: glycoprotien detected in kids w/
primary liver or germ cell tumors (hepatoblastoma & gct)
◉ n-myc. Answer: oncogene (dna sequence) found in neuroblastoma
cells. usually indicative of poor prognosis
