APHON ASSESSMENT TEST 2026 TESTED
QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION GRADED
A+
◉ x-ray. Answer: lymphomas - mediastinal mass, pulmonary mets,
pleural effusion.
abd mass, constipation, intestinal obstruction, gas patters
soft tissue tumors - rhabdo, bone tumors, osteosarcoma, ewings
◉ ct. Answer: evaluate primary lesion, detect distant mets (solid
tumor)
abd/pelvic masses
oral contrast - opacify gi tract to distinguish true
masses/lymphadenopathy b/w fluid filled bowel loops
◉ mri. Answer: dx / id - brain tumor, soft tissue sarcomas, bone
marrow involvement, extraosseous soft tissue component of osteo &
ewings
contrast (gdtap)- differentiates b/w necrotic & viable portions of
tumor
◉ nuclear scans. Answer: bone scintigrams
,pet
mibg
◉ bone scintigram. Answer: radionucleotide taged bone seeking
phosphate
eval & stage osteo, ewings, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, soft
tissue sarcomas
◉ pet scan. Answer: radio-labeled glucose demos uptake in actively
metabolizing tissues ie malignant tumors
dx / stage lymphomas, certain tumors, eval cns tumors
◉ mibg. Answer: absorbed by tissues containing adrenergic nerves
dx / stage neuroblastoma; primary and metastatic
◉ tissue biopsy. Answer: done w/ suspected lymphoma, solid tumor
fine needle aspiration or incisional procedure
◉ rhabdomyosarcoma. Answer: staging scale - intergroup
rhabdomyosarcoma study group (irs)
tnm - staging system of rhabdo
◉ retinoblastoma. Answer: reese-ellsworth classification
,◉ primary goal of surgery. Answer: reduce tumor burden to increase
effectiveness of immunologic factors, chemo or immunotherapy.
biopsies, truecut, open procedures, second look
◉ combination chemo. Answer: improves response rates and
survival w/o significantly affecting toxicity
◉ memorial sloan kettering cancer center
st jude children's research hospital. Answer: 1. 1st peds cancer unit
(1939)
2. 1st dedicated peds cancer hospital (1962)
◉ aphon nursing care includes. Answer: cancer prevention edu,
provision of physical care, support of bereaved family in event of
child's death, long term follow up for survivors
◉ interphase. Answer: non-dividing - G1, S, G2
◉ mitosis. Answer: dividing phase: prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telephase -cytokinesis
, ◉ apoptosis. Answer: programmed cell death by age or damage to
cell. intracellular lysosomes burst, causing cellular degredation,
lysis.
pathological cell death- stim by necrosis or chemo
◉ aberrant cell division. Answer: primary characteristic of cancer
cell. proto-oncogene transformation, loss of tumor suppressor gene
or immortalization
◉ oncogenes. Answer: mutated/activated proto-oncogenes that
allow for unrestricted cell growth/proliferation. caused by constant
production of cyclins, gf, or prtn involved w/ cell growth/division.
activated by genetic rearrangement, mutation, or overexpression of
normal nonmutated gene
ex. n-myc (neuroblastoma), bcl-1 (breast/head/neck ca)
◉ cell-cycle specific chemo. Answer: most cytotoxic during active s
and m phase. ie. plant alkaloids (vcr, vbn, etop, paclitax) &
antimetabolites (mtx, 6mp, 6tg, cytar, hydroxurea) - typically
continuous dosing
◉ cell-cycle nonspecific. Answer: cytotoxic during all phases ie. alk
agents , antitumor abx, nitrosoureas, topio I inh, peg, heavy metal -
typically bolus dosing b/c cells affected is proportional to amount of
drug given
QUESTIONS WITH FULL SOLUTION GRADED
A+
◉ x-ray. Answer: lymphomas - mediastinal mass, pulmonary mets,
pleural effusion.
abd mass, constipation, intestinal obstruction, gas patters
soft tissue tumors - rhabdo, bone tumors, osteosarcoma, ewings
◉ ct. Answer: evaluate primary lesion, detect distant mets (solid
tumor)
abd/pelvic masses
oral contrast - opacify gi tract to distinguish true
masses/lymphadenopathy b/w fluid filled bowel loops
◉ mri. Answer: dx / id - brain tumor, soft tissue sarcomas, bone
marrow involvement, extraosseous soft tissue component of osteo &
ewings
contrast (gdtap)- differentiates b/w necrotic & viable portions of
tumor
◉ nuclear scans. Answer: bone scintigrams
,pet
mibg
◉ bone scintigram. Answer: radionucleotide taged bone seeking
phosphate
eval & stage osteo, ewings, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, soft
tissue sarcomas
◉ pet scan. Answer: radio-labeled glucose demos uptake in actively
metabolizing tissues ie malignant tumors
dx / stage lymphomas, certain tumors, eval cns tumors
◉ mibg. Answer: absorbed by tissues containing adrenergic nerves
dx / stage neuroblastoma; primary and metastatic
◉ tissue biopsy. Answer: done w/ suspected lymphoma, solid tumor
fine needle aspiration or incisional procedure
◉ rhabdomyosarcoma. Answer: staging scale - intergroup
rhabdomyosarcoma study group (irs)
tnm - staging system of rhabdo
◉ retinoblastoma. Answer: reese-ellsworth classification
,◉ primary goal of surgery. Answer: reduce tumor burden to increase
effectiveness of immunologic factors, chemo or immunotherapy.
biopsies, truecut, open procedures, second look
◉ combination chemo. Answer: improves response rates and
survival w/o significantly affecting toxicity
◉ memorial sloan kettering cancer center
st jude children's research hospital. Answer: 1. 1st peds cancer unit
(1939)
2. 1st dedicated peds cancer hospital (1962)
◉ aphon nursing care includes. Answer: cancer prevention edu,
provision of physical care, support of bereaved family in event of
child's death, long term follow up for survivors
◉ interphase. Answer: non-dividing - G1, S, G2
◉ mitosis. Answer: dividing phase: prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telephase -cytokinesis
, ◉ apoptosis. Answer: programmed cell death by age or damage to
cell. intracellular lysosomes burst, causing cellular degredation,
lysis.
pathological cell death- stim by necrosis or chemo
◉ aberrant cell division. Answer: primary characteristic of cancer
cell. proto-oncogene transformation, loss of tumor suppressor gene
or immortalization
◉ oncogenes. Answer: mutated/activated proto-oncogenes that
allow for unrestricted cell growth/proliferation. caused by constant
production of cyclins, gf, or prtn involved w/ cell growth/division.
activated by genetic rearrangement, mutation, or overexpression of
normal nonmutated gene
ex. n-myc (neuroblastoma), bcl-1 (breast/head/neck ca)
◉ cell-cycle specific chemo. Answer: most cytotoxic during active s
and m phase. ie. plant alkaloids (vcr, vbn, etop, paclitax) &
antimetabolites (mtx, 6mp, 6tg, cytar, hydroxurea) - typically
continuous dosing
◉ cell-cycle nonspecific. Answer: cytotoxic during all phases ie. alk
agents , antitumor abx, nitrosoureas, topio I inh, peg, heavy metal -
typically bolus dosing b/c cells affected is proportional to amount of
drug given
