NAVLE EXAM PREP QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 2026 FULL SOLUTION
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
●● #1 cause of fungal destructive rhinitis in cats.
Answer: Cryptococcus neoformans/gatti
●● #1 nasal neoplasia in dogs.
Answer: Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
●● #1 nasal neoplasia in cats.
Answer: Lymphoma
●● Right intercostal thoracotomy exposes what 6 structures?.
Answer: Right side of heart
Cranial and caudal vena cavae
Right lung lobes
Azygous vein
Esophagus
,●● Left 4th intercostal throacotomy exposes what structures?.
Answer: Right ventricular outflow tract
Main pulmonary artery
Ductus arteriosus
●● Median sternotomy advantage.
Answer: able to expose both side of thoracic cavity
Mediastinal structures, cranial/caudal vena cavae, main pulmonary
artery, both sides of pericardial sac can be accessed
●● Type I hypersensitivity reaction.
Answer: Anaphylactic- Antibody mediated
●● Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
Answer: Cytotoxic- antibody mediated
●● Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
Answer: Immune complex - antibody mediated
●● Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Answer: Delayed hypersensitivity reactions- cell mediated
,●● Action of Methylxanthines, list 2.
Answer: Bronchodilator
Aminophylline, Theophylline
●● Agent of BLACK LEG in cattle. Dairy or Beef cattle affected?.
Answer: Clostridium chauvoei
Beef cattle are mostly affected, best animals in the herd from 6 mo-2 yrs
old. Summer and fall.
●● Agent of MALIGNANT EDEMA in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs ("big
head" in goats).
Answer: Clostridium septicum
●● Agent of BACILLARY HEMOGLOBINURIA in all ruminants (esp
sheep) "Red Water Disease".
Answer: Clostridium haemolyticum + Liver Flukes
●● Agent of ENTEROCOLITIS in horses.
Answer: Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens Types A & C
●● Agent of YELLOW LAMB DISEASE.
Answer: Clostridium perfringens Type A
, ●● Agent of LAMB DYSENTERY.
Answer: Clostridium perfringens Type B
●● Agent of NECROTIC ENTERITIS in all neonates.
Answer: Clostridium perfringens Type C
●● Agent of OVEREATING DISEASE in lambs, calves, kids.
Answer: Clostridium perfringens Type D
(Epsilon toxins cause neuro signs)
●● Contagious mastitis pathogens.
Answer: Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma spp
●● Environmental mastitis pathogens.
Answer: Streptococcus dysgalactia
Streptococcus uberis
Coliforms- E coli, klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas
Corynebacterium bovis
Truperella pyogenes
ANSWERS 2026 FULL SOLUTION
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
●● #1 cause of fungal destructive rhinitis in cats.
Answer: Cryptococcus neoformans/gatti
●● #1 nasal neoplasia in dogs.
Answer: Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
●● #1 nasal neoplasia in cats.
Answer: Lymphoma
●● Right intercostal thoracotomy exposes what 6 structures?.
Answer: Right side of heart
Cranial and caudal vena cavae
Right lung lobes
Azygous vein
Esophagus
,●● Left 4th intercostal throacotomy exposes what structures?.
Answer: Right ventricular outflow tract
Main pulmonary artery
Ductus arteriosus
●● Median sternotomy advantage.
Answer: able to expose both side of thoracic cavity
Mediastinal structures, cranial/caudal vena cavae, main pulmonary
artery, both sides of pericardial sac can be accessed
●● Type I hypersensitivity reaction.
Answer: Anaphylactic- Antibody mediated
●● Type II hypersensitivity reaction.
Answer: Cytotoxic- antibody mediated
●● Type III hypersensitivity reaction.
Answer: Immune complex - antibody mediated
●● Type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
Answer: Delayed hypersensitivity reactions- cell mediated
,●● Action of Methylxanthines, list 2.
Answer: Bronchodilator
Aminophylline, Theophylline
●● Agent of BLACK LEG in cattle. Dairy or Beef cattle affected?.
Answer: Clostridium chauvoei
Beef cattle are mostly affected, best animals in the herd from 6 mo-2 yrs
old. Summer and fall.
●● Agent of MALIGNANT EDEMA in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs ("big
head" in goats).
Answer: Clostridium septicum
●● Agent of BACILLARY HEMOGLOBINURIA in all ruminants (esp
sheep) "Red Water Disease".
Answer: Clostridium haemolyticum + Liver Flukes
●● Agent of ENTEROCOLITIS in horses.
Answer: Clostridium difficile
Clostridium perfringens Types A & C
●● Agent of YELLOW LAMB DISEASE.
Answer: Clostridium perfringens Type A
, ●● Agent of LAMB DYSENTERY.
Answer: Clostridium perfringens Type B
●● Agent of NECROTIC ENTERITIS in all neonates.
Answer: Clostridium perfringens Type C
●● Agent of OVEREATING DISEASE in lambs, calves, kids.
Answer: Clostridium perfringens Type D
(Epsilon toxins cause neuro signs)
●● Contagious mastitis pathogens.
Answer: Streptococcus agalactiae
Staphylococcus aureus
Mycoplasma spp
●● Environmental mastitis pathogens.
Answer: Streptococcus dysgalactia
Streptococcus uberis
Coliforms- E coli, klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas
Corynebacterium bovis
Truperella pyogenes
