NBME CBSE ACTUAL TEST 2026 FULL 2000 PLUS QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS COMPREHENSIVE MEDICAL STUDY GUIDE GRADED A+

NBME CBSE COMPREHENSIVE
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS GRADED A+

●● S2 heart sound. Answer: Aortic/pulmonic closure, best heard at base,
marks beginning of diastole


●● S3 heart sound. Answer: Heard in early diastole (volume overload),
best heard at apex (left lateral decubitus), associated with CHF, mitral
regurgitation, normal in youth/pregnancy


●● S4 heart sound. Answer: Heard in late diastole (stiff ventricle),
associated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), aortic stenosis, old
age


●● a wave (Jugular Venous Pulse). Answer: Atrial contraction


●● c wave (Jugular Venous Pulse). Answer: Tricuspid valve bulging
during right ventricular contraction


●● v wave (Jugular Venous Pulse). Answer: Passive atrial filling

, ●● Stroke volume (SV). Answer: Amount of blood pumped out of the
left ventricle


●● Cardiac output (CO). Answer: CO = HR × SV


●● Mean arterial pressure (MAP). Answer: MAP = CO × TPR, average
blood pressure in arteries during cardiac cycle


●● Pulse pressure (PP). Answer: PP = SBP - DBP


●● Ejection fraction (EF). Answer: EF = SV / EDV (Normal >55%)


●● Preload. Answer: End-diastolic volume (increased in fluid overload)


●● Afterload. Answer: Resistance the left ventricle must overcome
(increased in hypertension)


●● Truncus arteriosus. Answer: Develops into aorta and pulmonary
trunk


●● Bulbus cordis. Answer: Develops into smooth ventricles


●● Endocardial cushions. Answer: Develop into septa and valves