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1. How the Himalayas Were Formed

 Millions of years ago, there was a sea called Tethys Sea.

 Two land masses (plates) — Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate — moved towards each
other.

 They collided, and the land folded upward.

 This formed the Himalayan Mountains.

 The Himalayas are still growing slowly.



📖 2. Interesting Story of the Himalayas

 Long ago, the Himalayas were under the sea.

 Due to movement of Earth’s crust, the land rose up.

 That is why marine fossils (sea animals) are found in the Himalayas.

 This makes the Himalayas very special and unique.



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3. The Cold Desert of India

 Located in Ladakh

 Called a cold desert because:

o Very low temperature

o Very less rainfall

 Covered with snow and rocks

 Very little vegetation



🌾 4. The Northern Plains (Gangetic Plains)

 Formed by rivers like Ganga, Yamuna, Brahmaputra

 Very fertile land

 Densely populated

,  Important for agriculture



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5. The Great Indian Desert (Thar Desert)

 Located in Rajasthan

 Hot and dry climate

 Has sand dunes

 Very little rainfall

 Sparse vegetation



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6. The Aravalli Hills

 One of the oldest mountain ranges in India

 Located in Rajasthan

 Low in height and worn down

 Helps stop the desert from spreading east



🪨 7. The Peninsular Plateau

 Located in central and southern India

 Made of hard rocks

 Rich in minerals

 Includes Deccan Plateau



🌊 8. India’s Coastal Lines

 India has a long coastline along:

o Arabian Sea (West)

o Bay of Bengal (East)