Summary The whole osteology part of the the axial skeleton and thoracic wall will be taught in a much easier way

Position:
Supine liggande på rygg
Prone  liggande på mage

Planes:
Median plane:
Sagittal plane:
Frontal plane
Transverse plane:

Sections:
Longitudinal section:
Transverse section:
Oblique section:

Proximal means closer to the midline
Distal means fother away

Terms of movement:
Extension back
Flexion fram
Pronation  in with hand
supination out -:-
abduction:
adduction:
eversion out with the foot
inversion in -:-
elevation up with shoulders
depression  down -:-
retrusion in med hakan
protrusion ut med hakan

joints union between two or more joints

1. fibrous joints (synarthroses)
 Sutuers
 Syndesmoses
2. Cartilaginous joints
 Primary cartilaginous joints (synchondroses) no movement
 Secondary cartilaginous joint (symphyses) movable joint
3. Synovial joints
 Plane joint sliding
 Hinge joint flexion and extension (elbow)
 Pivot joint  rotation ( C1, C2)
 Condylar joint flexion and extension (wrist, knee)
 Saddle joint extension, flexion, abduction, add, circumduction (hip,
shoulder joint)

,  Ball and socket joint flexion, extension, abd, add, medial, lateral,
circumduction (shoulder


Vertebra
Typical vertebra consist of body and vertebral arch with several (seven) processes for
muscular for attachments

 Body; has costal facets
 Vertebral arch: consist of pedicles and laminae posteriorly, protects spinal cord
 Foramina associated with the vertebral arch
 Vertebral foramina
 Intervertebral foramina
 Transverse foramina

 Processes association with the vertebral arch
 Spinous process
 Transverse processes
 Articular processes
 Mammillary processes lumber
 Accessory processeslateral and inferior to mammillary process of lumbar
Typical and Atypical vertebra (is highlighted)
 7-Cervical (lordosis, secondary curvature)
 Atlas C1 wides cervical, has no body and no spine, has two lateral masses
 Axis C2 has smallest transverse process and characterized by the dens.
 C7(Prominens) long spinous process and ends in a single tubercle (no bifid)
 C3-C6  typical cervical, have short spinous process
 12-Thoracic (kyphosis primary curvature)
 T1, T9-T12
 T2-T8
 5-Lumbar (lordosis, secondary curvatures)
 L5 Atypical, has the largest body
 L1-L4Typical
 5-Sacrum (kyphosis)
 five fused sacral vertebrae
 has four pairs of foramina
 4-coccyx (primary curvature)
 union of four coccygeal vertebrae
 provides attachments for the coccygeus and levator ani muscles

kyphosis