NUR253/ NUR 253 Exam 1 (NEW 2026/ 2027 Update) Concepts of Mental Health Nursing Guide| Verified Q&A| Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate Solutions)- Galen

NUR253/ NUR 253 Exam 1 (NEW 2026/ 2027 Update) Concepts of Mental Health Nursing Guide| Verified Q&A| Grade A| 100% Correct (Accurate Solutions)- Galen Q. Common risk factors for HIV infection ANSWERS -hemophilia -blood transfusions -health care occupation -poverty -pregnancy -breast-feeding -older age -homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual activity -unprotected anal intercourse -illegal drug use -sharing of needles -multiple sex partners Q. Most post-op respiratory complications can be avoided with what? ANSWERS early mobility and ambulation Q. Modifiable risk factors that contribute to HTN ANSWERS -increased Na intake -low K, Ca, and Mg -obesity -excess alcohol consumption -sedentary lifestyle -hypothyroidism -low vitamin D levels -depression -tobacco use Q. Nursing dx associated with PVD ANSWERS -Tissue perfusion: peripheral, ineffective -Pain -Impaired skin integrity -Activity intolerance -Impaired physical mobility -Disturbed body image -Ineffective Health Maintenance -Risk for infection Q. If someone is breathing only 8 times/min their ABG would illustrate what type of imbalance ANSWERS Respiratory acidosis; pH goes down, because CO2 goes up due to the hypoventilation Q. A major risk factor for contracting Hepatitis A ANSWERS eating contaminated food or water Q. Your patient is post-ictal. You would expect him/her to respond how? ANSWERS unarousable for a period of time Q. What type of stroke can result from uncontrolled hypertension? ANSWERS Hemorrhagic Q. Why is it important for nurses to know where in the brain their patient's stroke occurred? ANSWERS assessment findings are reflective of the region of the brain injured and the nurse can anticipate certain complications Q. What does FAST stand for? ANSWERS Facial drooping Arm weakness Speech difficulties Time (Call 911) Q. pH-7.2, PaCO2- 35, HCO3-14, PO2-80 ANSWERS Metabolic acidosis in a pt with chronic renal failure Q. What assessment sign is associated with appendicitis? ANSWERS McBurney's sign Q. What diagnostic test would definitively diagnosis peptic ulcer disease (PUD)? ANSWERS Upper GI series or endoscopy Q. What are the clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis? ANSWERS weakness, fatigue H/A, N/V, warm flushed skin, Kussmaul respirations Q. Symptoms of ulcerative colitis ANSWERS bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain Q. What is Nadolol used for and what does it do? ANSWERS Used with patients with liver cirrhosis to decrease the hepatic venous pressure Q. Portal hypertension may result in the development of this complication ANSWERS esophageal varices Q. What is the antidote for heparin? ANSWERS Protamine sulfate Q. What labs evaluate the effectiveness of anticoagulation in patients taking coumadin? ANSWERS PT/INR Q. Vasodilator use may increase the risk of falls by what mechanism? ANSWERS Orthostatic hypotension Q. What are the clinical manifestations of chronic pancreatitis? ANSWERS Steatorrhea, LUQ pain, N/V Q. True or False. SIngulair is a rescue medication ANSWERS False Q. What type of ulcers appear pink and superficial and are often found on the medial or anterior of the ankle? ANSWERS Venous ulcers Q. What are some consequences of PVD ANSWERS Amputation, rupture of triple A's, gangrene, infection, sepsis Q. What is the most common cause of renal failure? ANSWERS untreated hypertension Q. If a patient cannot hemodynamically tolerate hemodialysys, what is the other option? ANSWERS Peritoneal dialysis Q. What are post-menopausal women at risk for? ANSWERS coronary issues Q. What are some clinical manifestations of Portal Systemic Encephalopathy? ANSWERS changes in LOC, neuromuscular disturbances (asterixis, hyperreflexia) Q. What is the emergency treatment protocol of hyperkalemia? ANSWERS insulin, D50, calcium gluconate Q. What is the primary action of lactulose? ANSWERS binds with NH4 and allows the patients to expel it; can also be used as a laxative Q. What is the concentration of epinephrine used in epipens? ANSWERS 1:1000 (0.3ml) Q. What are signs of right sided heart failure? ANSWERS Ascites, JVD, GI complaints, liver engorgement Q. What type of hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylaxis? ANSWERS Type 1 Q. What type of disease is asthma considered to be? ANSWERS Inflammatory Q. What causes acute glomerulonephritis? ANSWERS Group A strept throat Q. First landmark standard ANSWERS All HC staff have to need to give effective, understandable, and respectful care to all patients in their preferred language Q. Title VI of civil rights ANSWERS cannot deny pt. based on English proficiency LEP (limited english proficency) HEEADSSS Home, education, eating, activities, drugs, sex, safety, suicide Location, Quality, Quantity, Timing, Setting, Aggravating factors, Relieving factors, pt. perception Functioning assesment through behaviors -can larry make oreos after making a trip to paris -Consciousness, language, mood, orientation, attention, memory, abstract reasoning, thought process, thought content, perception 4 headings of mental status assesment ABCT Apperance, behavior, cognition, thought process 4 unrealated words test 5, 10, 30 min 60 3-4 8th 2-3 prompts with 10, 30 does not improve Alx Aphasia test Reading - read sentence Writing - write sentience - look at parts of speech Work comprehension - point to an object and they identify it Suicidal screening Have you hurt yourself before? Do you plan on hurting yourself? What would happen if you died? How would people react if you died? Mini Mental Cognitive functions contrasts dementia and delerium with psychiatric mental illness 11 q 5-10 min 11 ii Glasgow Coma Scale Consciousness reflexes, eye opening Mini cog 3 word test clock AUDIT Alcohol consumption, adverse consequences, drinking behaviors older adults in ED, free of bias CAGE Cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye opener less effective on women and minorities RRRR run in with the law relationship problems role change risk of bodily harm TWEAK tolerance, worry, eye opener, amnesia, kut down women/ pregnant SMASTG 10 q aging adults who report social drinking Lab test for IPV/elderly (abuse) CBC, BUN, creatine, protein, albumin, serum liver protein, coagulation, urinalysis AAS Abuse assessment screen o If yes = do further assessment o If no response suspect IVP when: • Gyno problems - STI- pelvic pain - sex dysfunction • Chronic IBS, back pain, depression, PTSD, insomnia, panic attacks EASI 5 grand parents= 5 q DA 19 yes no danger assesmennt Mark calender 4 components of general survey physical apperance body structure behavior mobility Childrens vitals in reverse of adult regina poops toilet respirations pulse temp PQRST 8 q for initial pain assesment LADQIM: Concerning Location, Duration, Quality, Intensity, Aggravating factors, Manner of expressing pain Breif pain inventory last 24 hr rate 0-10 mood, walking, ability to sleep McGill pain questionaire descriptors Numeric rating 0-10 verbal and visual administration on horizontal line Verbal descriptor scale older adults use pain terms- mild moderate sever Wong baker faces, kids Oucher 6 pictures of pain rank 0-5 no crying or smiling so emotions are not mixed with pain CREIS Neonates crying - post op pain 3-point scale - looks at psych and behavioral indicators -Sweating, increase BP, HR, N/V, O2 stats Note change in temp, expression, and activity Functions of skin PPPTICWAP penetration, protection, perception, prodcution of vitamin D, temp regulation identification, communication, wound repair and absorption Lanugo spiney, downey hair that protect the fetus in utero Vernix Caseose cheese like protect fetus Linea nigra dark line that occurs from umbillicus to pubic bone pregnant Cholasma discoloration of the face straiae gravidarium stretch marks Acrocynosis cyanosis of hands and feet in first 24 hours of life Lesions ABCDE asymmetry baorders color diameter elevation or enlargment CN7 facial bone conduction CN11 neck Corneal reflex test -touch cornea with cotton - swab to stimulate blinking (both eyes -Test trigeminal nerve (CN V) and facial nerve (CN VIII) - Consensual light reflex -Shine light into one eye and constrict, stimulates other to constrict • CN II and CN III Cataracts once transparent fiberse in lens- thick and yellow clumping of proteins Macular degeneration breakdown of cells in the macula Glaucoma increase IOP see hallows and night blindness chronic open angle is most common but primary open angle affects AA 3-6xmore Retinal detachment flashing light and spots ARMD age related macular degeration Presbyopia lens loses elasticity and becomes hard and glasslike cant change for near sightedness Months for eyes 3-4 binocularity 8 mcula Snellen central visual acuity Jagger card Hold 35 cm from eye Reports of decease reading vision Norm 14/14 Confrontation test Peropheral vision 50 upwarad, 60 nasal, 70 downward, 90 temprotal Corneal light reflex test Test EOM 12 in Light reflect in exactly same spot. Diagnostic positions test 6 cardinal positions 12 in away and go clockwise Look for nystagmus - oscillating movement around iris Look for lag lid - see rim of sclera between lid and iris Cornea and lens norm- no opacities in cornea, anterior chamber, lens, pupil Arcus senile- gray ring around eye Pupillary light reflex Look in distance than move light in from side = constriction at same time Accommodation = look in distance than look at object 7-8 cm from nose Doc = PEARRLA - pupils equal round, react to light, and accommodation PERRLA pupils equal round, react to light, and accommodation Allen chart 2.5- 2 yr 11 mo picture cards TM translcuent and pearl grey ear inefections lead to scaring- white Whisper test say don't have hearing problems Plug one ear. 1-2 feet away and whisper 2 syllable words Norm = repeat back Weber test place tuning for midline to skull and ask if hear report hearing in one ear better than another Norm = hear both equally loud rhine test Compares BC to AC Put stem of fork on mastoid and quickly move to outside ear ACBC hear AC 2X as long CN7 bone conduction Test nasal patency Occlude 1 nare and blow/breath through other Doc: clear, congested, occluded Stensens duct parotid salivary gland anterior hard palate white with treansverse rugar posterior hard palate pink smooth movable Torus palatinus norm in american indians and asian- nodular bone ridge down middle of hard palate Say ahhh uvula and soft palate rises Vagus and CNX Gag reflex CN 9 and 10 Stick out tounge if in midline CN XII Food Habits Ways in which humans use food including how it is selected, obtained, and distributed and who prepares it, serves it, and eats it. Etiquette Rules that humans use pertaining to how meals are eaten and how utensils are used Comfort Foods Familiar foods that satisfy basic psychological needs. Core Foods Foods eaten (almost) every day of the week mostly foods containing complex carbohydrates. Culture The values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices accepted by members of a group or community Ethnicity A social identity associated with shared behavior patterns, like food habits and language Self-identity How one's unique identity results in personal preferences of food (likes and dislikes). Cultural Identity How one's association with a group's values, beliefs, attitudes, and practices influences selection of food and food choices. Acculturation The adaptation process to the majority society when people from one ethnicity move to an area with different cultural norms Assimilation people from one cultural group shed their ethnic identity and fully merge into the majority culture Globalization The integration of local, regional, and national phenomena into an unrestricted worldwide organization Modernization social structural change caused by new technologies and socioeconomic shifts Commoditization The shift of home-prepared foods to foods that are processed and marketed. Urbanization large percentage of the population lives in higher density residences rather than rural areas Relocalization the loss of connections among growing, harvesting, cooking, and eating food as processed and prepared food is purchased and consumed. Individuals live within their culture influenced by cultural food habits (cultural values, beliefs, and practices). the individual choices are made according to: 1. Acceptability 2. Preference 3. Availability In the US ________ is the main motivation for food selection. Taste As far as we can look back in world history, we see that societies are not static but dynamically changing. Those structural changes in our society lead to trends in food, eating and nutrition. What food culture changes do the following structural changes cause: a. Globalization b. Modernization c. Urbanization d. Migration a. consumerization b. commoditization c. delocalization d. acculturation The Suarez family moved from Uruguay to the United States 5 years ago. During the busy work week the family's meals are prepared using mostly processed foods from the neighborhood grocery store. On weekends and holidays Mrs. Suarez cooks family meals using her old family recipes. The family is in the ____________ process. acculturation "Edible or inedible" describes one of the earliest food habits models. On a trip to China you are served a plate of fried fish stomachs considered a local treat. For the Chinese host this treat falls in the category (1), for an American citizen it falls in the category (2). 1. edible by me 2. edible by humans but not by my kind Which of the following answers describe core foods? 1. Typically eaten almost every day 2. Typically foods based on complex carbs. like bread, corn, yams, rice, taro Tomato, garlic, basil, oregano, olive oil Italian Soy sauce, rice wine, ginger root Chinese Sour cream, onion, dill, parsley Russian Tomatoes, onions, chili peppers, cumin Mexican Butter, cream, wine, assorted herbs French Lemon, onions, garlic, oregano, olive oil Greek Which of the following aspects need to be analyzed when describing the meal cycle? (3) 1. When does feasting and fasting take place and what changes? 2. How many meals are eaten per day? 3. When are those meals eaten and which one is the main meal? Which aspects should we incorporate when analyzing the structural patterns of a meal? (6) 1. What order are the meal components served in? 2. What elements constitute a meal (courses, foods, distinctions to snacks)? 3. What is a common portion size of foods? 4. Who can participate in a meal? 5. How is the mean prepared (cooking techniques)? 6. Who prepares the meal? Worldview A person's cultural outlook, expectations about personal and public conduct, assumptions regarding social interaction, and assessments of individual behavior. Majority The greater part or number of a population. Cultural Imposition The tendency of health care providers to enforce their beliefs, practices, and values upon patients. Somatization The expression of emotions through bodily complaints. Sympathetic Quality of Food Health food beliefs in which the food has a characteristic that looks like a human body part or organ. Illness A person's perception of and reaction to a physical or psychological condition often determined by the cultural context. Disease Abnormalities or malfunctioning of body organs and systems. Sickness The entire disease-illness process. Folk Illnesses Symptoms, complaints, and behavioral changes recognized and explained by a specific culture. Health The state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Medical Pluralism Combination of biomedicine and alternative healing methods What is the conventional system of health care in the United States? Biomedicine What are some factors that define the biomedical worldview? (5) 1. Hierarchial system 2. Mastery over nature 3. Equal rights for patients 4. Assumption of compliance 5. Individuality In some cultures, for example Mexico, Middle Eastern countries, American Indians, being overweight is indicative of health, good nutrition, and wealth. (True or False) True Some biomedical causes of disease are: 1. Diet 2. Hereditary Predisposition 3. Bacterial or Viral Causes "Susto a "fright sickness" is caused by a frightening or traumatic experience that temporarily scares a person's spirit from their body. Symptoms include chill, lethargy, anxiety, depression, insomnia, and irritability. Culturally stressed adults (women more often than men) are most likely to suffer from susto, although children may also be afflicted. The onset of the disease generally follows a sudden frightening experience such as an accident, a fall, witnessing a relative's sudden death, or any other potentially dangerous event. Research shows that knowledge of the existence of susto is a major contributing factor in improving the condition. The treatment includes herbal teas, covering the face with a cloth and sprinkling holy water, and spitting a mouthful of water or alcohol into the patient's face unexpectedly, and cleansing ceremonies called limpieza performed by spiritual healers called curanderos." Using the explanatory model susto would be due to the: 1. Natural World 2. Social World "Much like Latino people, Middle Easterners may believe in illness causation such as the Evil Eye. In this belief, anything that provokes jealousy in another gives the envious person the power to cause illness or misfortune for the lucky person or family. Often the object of envy is a beautiful baby or child." In the explanatory model for the etiology of sickness this would be sickness due to the: Social world "All of creation is born from the marriage of two polar principles. Examples are earth and heaven, winter and summer, night and day, cold and hot, wet and dry, inner and outer, body and mind. These pairs of opposites are connected via a circular harmony. Harmony means health, good weather, and good fortune, while disharmony leads to disease, disaster, and bad luck. The strategy of Chinese medicine is to restore harmony. Each human is seen as a world in miniature, and every person has a unique terrain to be mapped, a resilient yet sensitive ecology to be maintained. Like a gardener uses irrigation and compost to grow robust plants, the doctor uses acupuncture, herbs and food to recover and sustain health." This health belief system is called: Principle of Yin and Yang "Asians tend to be highly group-oriented people who place a strong emphasis on family connection as the major source of identity and protection against the hardships of life. The family model is an extended one including immediate family and relatives, and loyalty to the family is expected. Thus, independent behavior that may disrupt the harmony of the family is highly discouraged. One must never bring dishonor or disgrace to one's self or the family. In the traditional Asian family, parents define the law and the children are expected to abide by their requests and demands; filial piety or respect for one's parents and elders is critically important. In the most traditional of families this manifests in rules of conduct such as: only speak when spoken to, speak only if one has something important to say. Self-control is expected and individuals should demonstrate inner stamina and strength to tolerate crisis. In healthcare settings, Asians may be unwilling to acknowledge strong emotion, grief, or pain due to their family and cultural values. Western medical professionals often find the stoic demeanors of Asian people difficult to interpret." The excerpt above is a description of the Asian ________________. Medical worldview Once a person is considered sick by the culture's medical worldview the role of the sick person within the family and culture changes as well. This includes: 1. When is the person considered recovered? 2. Who takes over care for the sick person? 3. How much responsibility does the sick person have for the healing process? 4. What daily obligation is the sick person excused from? Social Obligations? Religious duty? Communication The exchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs. Gestures The use of movements to express thought, emotion, and communication. High-context communication The actual message is found in the context. The relationship between listener and speaker is more important than the wording of the message. Low-context communication The wording of the message is more important than who receives the message and the verbal and non-verbal actions Monochronistic societies Timely completion of a task is important, people tend to complete one task before starting the next Polychronistic cultures tasks tend to be more pursued simultaneously. Personal relationships are more important than the timely completion of a task. low uncertainty avoidance The members of a society are open to change and don't feel threatened by ambiguous and unknown situations. high uncertainty avoidance The members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous and unknown situation and have created beliefs, rule systems, and institutions that try to avoid these. Small power distance Members of the culture expect that power is distributed equally. Power comes from accomplishments. Large power distance Members of the culture accept that power is distributed unequally. Power is not questioned. Unconscious incompetence Speaker is unaware that communication problems exist. Low context is a communication style where the words used are more important than who is receiving the message or the nonverbal actions used. Which of the following cultures are more likely to be low context cultures? 1. American 2. Scandinavians 3. Germans In a culture that uses high context communication, what characteristics would be found in the conversation? 1. Attitudes and feelings 2. Vague or incomplete wording The Iceberg Analogy describes how some traits of cultural identity influence communication very visibly while other traits are equally influential but usually under the surface. The following traits are the tip of the iceberg: 1. Ethnicity 2. Gender 3. Age The most difficult aspect of communication between cultures to overcome is: Language What are some important aspects to consider when planning a intercultural nutrition program? 1. Defining clear and realistic goals and objectives 2. Gathering information from one source and confirming and extending this information by using different sources (trianglation) 3. Identifying the target the audience 4. Developing a message that's worth the target individuals time Germans are known for their love for order, structure, and rules. Analyzing the verbal communication patterns how would you rate their uncertainty avoidance? The uncertainty avoidance in Germany is reasonable high meaning that Germans have a higher level of anxiety about unstructured situations and ambiguity. The Swedish the work environment is described as employees being independent with an expectation to be consulted by superiors. Hierarchy exists for convenience only. Superiors are accessible and have a management style that facilitates and empowers. Power is decentralized and managers count on the experience of their team members. Control is disliked and attitude towards managers is informal and on first name basis. Communication is direct and participative. How would you classify the verbal communication pattern in Sweden? 1. small power distance 2. low-context communication 3. low uncertainty avoidance 4. individualistic 5. monochronistic In Guatemala a business leader will have a lot of concentrated power compared to his management team and the management team will have power over the employees. The same hierarchy will be observed in government. Belonging to an group and aligning yourself with that group's opinion is very important. The harmony of the group has to be maintained, open conflicts are avoided. The relationship has a moral base and this always has priority over task fulfillment. Time must be invested initially to establish a relationship of trust. Nepotism may be found more often. Feedback is always indirect, also in the business environment. Softer aspects of culture such as leveling with others, consensus, sympathy for the underdog are valued and encouraged. Conflicts are avoided in private and work life and consensus at the end is important. Leisure time is important for Guatemalans, it is the time when the whole family, clan and friends come together to enjoy life. This means that as a nation they are seeking mechanisms to avoid ambiguity. In order to minimize anxiety, people make use of a lot of rituals. Emotions are openly expressed; there are (extensive) rules for everything and social conservatism enjoys quite a following. This is also reflected in religion, which is respected, followed by many and conservative. Rules are not necessarily followed, however: this depends on the in-group's opinion, on whether the group feels the rules are applicable to their members and it depends, ultimately, on the decision of power holders, who make their own rules. In work terms this results in detailed planning that may not necessarily be followed in practice. Analyze the verbal communication pattern: 1. large power distance 2. high-context communication 3. group identity 4. polychronistic 5. high uncertainty avoidance Analysis of non-verbal communication includes the following areas: 1. facial expression, gesture, posture 2. spatial relationships 3. eye contact 4. touching Torah The Hebrew Bible that Chronicles the beginnings of Judaism Kosher Meaning Fit, is the term for allowed or permitted foods in the Jewish diet. Sabbath The day of rest in the Jewish faith, observed from sundown on Friday to nightfall on Saturday. The Four Noble Truths The Buddhist scripture recording the teachings of Buddha. Yom Kippur Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the year in the Jewish faith, takes places ten days after Rosh Hashanah. Hanukkah The festival of lights, 8 day celebration of the Jewish faith during December to commemorate the recapture of the Temple in Jerusalem. Halal Permitted or lawful foods in the Islamic diet. Reincarnation A belief of the Hindus that once a human dies, they are reborn and go through a series of lives. Vedas The main sacred texts of Hinduism, a collection of ancient hymns, incantations, and rituals. Nirvana A state of calm insight, passionlessness, and wisdom. Lent An annual season of fasting and penitence in preparation for Easter in the Christian faith. Ovo-lacto Vegetarianism Diet that included plant food, eggs and dairy but excludes all meat and fish products. Thorah and Talmut The Jewish scripture and its interpretation. Qur'an The scripture of Islam Caste Organization of the society by spiritual progression. What religions are dominant in the western world? 1. Christianity 2. Islam 3. Judaism What are the religious holidays of Judaism? 1. Purim 2. Rosh Hasnanah 3. Hanukkah Which religion is the oldest? Hindusim Mohammed, the founder of Islam, advocated for ritualistic observances known as the Five Pillars of Islam. What are the five? 1. Prayer 2. Almsgiving 3. Pilgrimage to Mecca 4. Faith 5. Fasting The Kashrut is: 1. Jewish dietary law defining how foods need to be prepared and eaten 2. The Jewish dietary law defining what foods cannot be eaten In Judaism food fit for consumption must be kosher. This includes: 1. Fish with fins and scales after ritual slaughter 2. All plant based foods free of insects and worms 3. Animals with a cloven hoof chewing cud like cattle, deer, goat, sheep after ritual slaughter 4. Birds with crop, gizzard, and extra talon like chicken, duck, geese, or turkey after ritual slaughter Fasting has different implication in different religions. Match the different rules of fasting to the correct religion: a. No food or water from sunset to sunset. b. One full meal per day. c. Abstaining from food, drink, smoking, and coitus from dawn to sunset. d. In the discretion of the individual from no food at all to only certain foods are excluded. e. Restricting solid foods after noontime to practice self-control. a. judaism b. catholicism c. islam d. hinduism e. buddhism Which of the following apply to food habits of Hinduism? 1. Final decision which foods are excluded from the diet are in the discretion of the believer 2. Food choices can increase or decrease the physical and spiritual purity 3. Food choices are guided by the principle to avoid inflicting pain. 4. Cows are considered sacred and the consumption is prohibited Order the following religions by their size: 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. Christianity 2. Islam 3. Hinduism 4. Buddhism While researching Swedish food habits you find the following: "I would say that for most Swedes it's normal to eat cooked food for both lunch and dinner, while cooked meals at breakfast (except form pancakes or boiled eggs, and maybe oat porrige) isn't that common for breakfast. A lot of Sweden's breakfast are based on dairy. A usual Swedish breakfast often consists of sandwiches, with cheese, ham, salami or some vegetables, like a few slices of bell pepper or cucumber. Or eggs and Kalles kaviar. They could be crisp bread or other. Or toast with marmelade. To that a lot of Swedes drink coffe. But tea or juice is also common. Or hot chocolate. It's also common with filmjölk, a dairy a bit similar to yoghurt with cereal or müsli. Or yogurt or kvark. Or a smoothie with some berries. For lunch people often eat a cooked and substantial meal, either from a restaurant, or that they bring food from home (like leftovers from last nights dinner) to heat up in a microwave. For afternoon coffee it's usually coffee or tea and some bun or something, like a cinnamon bun, for instance. Or cookies or something else sweat. Or some fruits, if one prefers that. For dinner most people also eat a cooked and substantial meal. Like for instance pasta with minced meat sauce, chicken with rice, falukorv (a sausage) with mashed potatoes, fish gratin, meatballs with pasta or potatoes, soup, beef stew, fish sticks, chili con carne, tacos, pizza or some other take away (often thai food). And then sometimes people have a late night small snack, like a sandwich, "nattmacka", icecream, snacks, nuts, or something like that." This excerpt contains information for the following scientific model? 1. core foods model 2. Meal cycle 3. Meal patterns When Chinese students move to the US to study their food culture starts changing. While they often prepare their own food initially more and more American dishes make their way into the students' diet. This process is called: Acculturation Individual food choices are made by: what is obtainable, acceptable, and preferred. Just like ketchup and mustard, lingonberry jam is widely used to accompany a variety of dishes, from meatballs and pancakes to porridge and black pudding (blodpudding). But despite its sweetness, it is rarely used on bread. Thanks to the Right of Public Access (Allemansrätten), which gives everyone the freedom to roam and enjoy nature, many Swedes grow up picking lingonberries in the forest, and using these tiny tart red fruits to make a jam-like preserve.......In addition to bread and butter, you'll often find a type of crispbread (knäckebröd) served alongside your main meal. This is what the Swedes tend to reach for. Once considered poor man's food, crispbread has been baked in Sweden for over 500 years, can last for at least a year if stored properly, and remains among the most versatile edible products. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) ran a campaign in the 1970s suggesting Swedes should eat six to eight slices of bread a day, including crispbread." Lingonberries in form of jam are considered a (1), bread is considered a (2) in Sweden: Complementary food (1), core food (2) Peaches are seasonal fruits. Many Americans eat peaches several times a week during the growing season in summer. Using this information you sort peaches into the ________________ category of the core foods model. peripheral foods "Many Vietnamese believe that Asian people are different physiologically from white people. Western medicines are thought of as "hot" and too potent for their physiology. They may not take medicines as prescribed. Symptoms are often attributed to a physical weakness; for example, a weak heart is expressed by panic, palpitations, and dizziness; a weak kidney is expressed by impotence; a weak stomach or liver is expressed by indigestion; and a weak nervous system is expressed by headache or lack of concentration." Treating a Vietnamese patient (high context culture) what issue would you expect? The patient might accept the treatment suggestions with a smile and affirmation but will not follow through with the treatment at home. "In addition to adopting Western medical practices, Iraqis often use home remedies and read the Qur'an for guidance. To stay healthy, they believe in staying warm, being well-fed, resting well, and avoiding hot/cold and dry/moist shifts, such as wind and drafts. Good health is perceived as a gift from God—being free from pain, being strong, and feeling good. In this culture, being overweight is associated with health and strength." Reading the excerpt sickness seems to be due to: nature and spiritual world "In addition to adopting Western medical practices, Iraqis often use home remedies and read the Qur'an for guidance. To stay healthy, they believe in staying warm, being well-fed, resting well, and avoiding hot/cold and dry/moist shifts, such as wind and drafts. Good health is perceived as a gift from God—being free from pain, being strong, and feeling good. In this culture, being overweight is associated with health and strength." The Iraqi medical worldview is: pluralistic with a tendency to naturalistic Which of the following statements indicates a natural/traditional worldview? The treatment is past or present oriented. In the context of culture sickness is defined as: the process of organ malfunctioning and the resulting symptoms reducing functioning. Which of the following cultures are not group oriented (collectivist)? Canada While touching and spatial distance between individuals during a conversation are almost identical for most cultures, gestures and facial expression can vary widely (True or False) False You start dietary counseling with a Native American person from the Pawnee tribe. Since Native Americans are more high-context communicators you planned some time so the patient can get to know you. During the conversation you realize that the patient is not maintaining eye contact and keeps looking around the room. You conclude: Native Americans are among the cultures that consider permanent eye contact rude. You keep having a conversation but try not to strike eye contact so often. "The Asian-Indian population is usually highly educated. They hold five times the national average of master's, doctorate, and other professional degrees. They, and other Asian communities, have the highest educational qualifications of all ethnic groups in the U.S. Like other Asian cultures, Asian-Indians emphasize achievement as a reflection upon the family and community." This description reflects a _______________ society. group-oriented "Vietnamese patients may smile easily and often, regardless of underlying emotions. Because they value politeness and respect for authority, patients may not voice concerns or ask providers questions. If they disagree or do not understand, they may simply listen and answer "yes," then not comply with recommendations or return for further care." This is an example for a High-context communication style Many Jewish people eat _________ food. kosher Which of the following food rules do not belong to the Islam? Beef is not permitted since cows are considered holy. You are working with an immigrant from India. Which of the following statements about religious food rules is incorrect? Since all Indians follow Hinduism the client will be vegetarian. Which of the following statements about religious food laws is not correct? Buddhists have strict food rules recorded in the Laws of Manu. Who would NOT be able to eat a burger with fries? Hindus