NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ Elements of plasma membrane.
Answer: receptors, transport enzymes, surface markers, cell adhesion
molecules (CAM's) & catalysts
◍ Suffix blastoma = malignant.
Answer: -neuroblastoma: adrenal glands-retinoblastoma
◍ Secretion of chemical mediators (Ligands).
Answer: 1) Sympathetic: involves nerve cells & targets (Fast)2) Endocrine:
specialized cells secrete hormones that effect target cells (Slow)3) Paracrine:
involves localized cells/areas4) Autocrine: cells respond to own secretions
(mechanism in cancer)
◍ idiopathic.
Answer: pertaining to disease of unknown origin
◍ Classifications of Cancer.
Answer: The categorization of cancer based on the type of tissue it
originates from and its behavior, such as benign or malignant.
◍ Integumentary System.
Answer: The organ system that includes the skin, hair, nails, and associated
glands, responsible for protection, regulation, and sensation.
◍ Down syndrome.
Answer: trisomy-21; most well known aneuploidy, occurs in about 1:800
live births; characterized by mental retardation, sterility, poor muscle tone,
, congenital heart defects, characteristic facial features and lowered life
expectancy (about 60 years).
◍ Electrolyte Imbalances.
Answer: Disruptions in the balance of electrolytes in the body, which can
affect various bodily functions.
◍ coagulative necrosis.
Answer: occurs primarily in kidneys, heart, and adrenal cells; commonly
results from hypoxia/ischemia; caused by protein denaturation (particularly
albumin)
◍ Organelles of the cell.
Answer: -plasma membrane -nucleus, ribosomes, -endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus-lysosomes-mitochondria
◍ Chain of Infection.
Answer: A model that outlines the process of infection, including the
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of
entry, and susceptible host.
◍ Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Answer: An autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of
the joints, leading to pain and disability.
◍ Pressure Injury.
Answer: Localized damage to the skin and underlying tissue, usually over a
bony prominence, due to pressure or pressure in combination with shear.
◍ xenobiotics.
Answer: toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals; bind to lipoproteins
and can penetrate lipid bilayer
◍ Effects of cancer.
Answer: -cachexia-Increased IL1 - TNFa levels
◍ Free Radicals.
Answer: Molecules w/ an unpaired (free) electron in the outer electron shell,
, extremely unstable & reactive (radical) -can react w/ normal cell
components, damaging them & turning them into more free radicals
◍ Arthritis.
Answer: Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that
can worsen with age.
◍ Ischemia.
Answer: Usually due to decreases in blood floe to a tissue, most common
type of cellular injury where insufficient O2 interferes w/ cellular
metabolism, #1 cause leading to Hypoxia
◍ anaplasia.
Answer: a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each
other
◍ Leukopenia.
Answer: A decreased number of leukocytes in the blood
◍ Osteoporosis.
Answer: A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, increasing the
risk of fractures.
◍ Cellular Adaptation.
Answer: The process by which cells adjust to changes in their environment
to maintain homeostasis.
◍ Types of Immune Response.
Answer: The mechanisms by which the immune system responds to
pathogens, including innate and adaptive immunity.
◍ Immunosuppression.
Answer: A reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system,
often used in medical treatments to prevent rejection of transplanted organs.
◍ Gap junctions.
Answer: (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between
adjacent cells
, ◍ exotoxins.
Answer: very potent proteins that produce specific physiologic effects (good
for vaccines)
◍ Elements of the Nucleus.
Answer: highly specialized, controls cell activities, contains the hereditary
material of the cell
◍ Carcinogenesis.
Answer: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer
cells, involving genetic mutations and changes in cell behavior.
◍ Apoptosis ("POP").
Answer: Programmed cell death (cell suicide) that removes cells that need
being replaced or have worn out, a normal process w/in the body
◍ Anaerobic metabolism.
Answer: 1 glucose = 2 ATP + H + pyruvate Pyruvic acid —> lactic acid
(leads to acidosis)
◍ Cell-to-Cell Communication.
Answer: a form of cell communication that occurs between two different
cells via cell membrane contact
◍ Function of the Nucleus.
Answer: -serves as the information & administrative center of the
cell-genetic material is stored & organization + transcription of DNA into
messenger RNA (mRNA) occurs
◍ Cellular Function.
Answer: The various activities and processes that cells perform to maintain
life, including metabolism, communication, and reproduction.
◍ Inflammation.
Answer: The body's response to injury or infection, characterized by
redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
◍ what immunity response develops when T cells link with and antigen and is
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 ACTUAL EXAM
PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◍ Elements of plasma membrane.
Answer: receptors, transport enzymes, surface markers, cell adhesion
molecules (CAM's) & catalysts
◍ Suffix blastoma = malignant.
Answer: -neuroblastoma: adrenal glands-retinoblastoma
◍ Secretion of chemical mediators (Ligands).
Answer: 1) Sympathetic: involves nerve cells & targets (Fast)2) Endocrine:
specialized cells secrete hormones that effect target cells (Slow)3) Paracrine:
involves localized cells/areas4) Autocrine: cells respond to own secretions
(mechanism in cancer)
◍ idiopathic.
Answer: pertaining to disease of unknown origin
◍ Classifications of Cancer.
Answer: The categorization of cancer based on the type of tissue it
originates from and its behavior, such as benign or malignant.
◍ Integumentary System.
Answer: The organ system that includes the skin, hair, nails, and associated
glands, responsible for protection, regulation, and sensation.
◍ Down syndrome.
Answer: trisomy-21; most well known aneuploidy, occurs in about 1:800
live births; characterized by mental retardation, sterility, poor muscle tone,
, congenital heart defects, characteristic facial features and lowered life
expectancy (about 60 years).
◍ Electrolyte Imbalances.
Answer: Disruptions in the balance of electrolytes in the body, which can
affect various bodily functions.
◍ coagulative necrosis.
Answer: occurs primarily in kidneys, heart, and adrenal cells; commonly
results from hypoxia/ischemia; caused by protein denaturation (particularly
albumin)
◍ Organelles of the cell.
Answer: -plasma membrane -nucleus, ribosomes, -endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus-lysosomes-mitochondria
◍ Chain of Infection.
Answer: A model that outlines the process of infection, including the
infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of
entry, and susceptible host.
◍ Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Answer: An autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of
the joints, leading to pain and disability.
◍ Pressure Injury.
Answer: Localized damage to the skin and underlying tissue, usually over a
bony prominence, due to pressure or pressure in combination with shear.
◍ xenobiotics.
Answer: toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals; bind to lipoproteins
and can penetrate lipid bilayer
◍ Effects of cancer.
Answer: -cachexia-Increased IL1 - TNFa levels
◍ Free Radicals.
Answer: Molecules w/ an unpaired (free) electron in the outer electron shell,
, extremely unstable & reactive (radical) -can react w/ normal cell
components, damaging them & turning them into more free radicals
◍ Arthritis.
Answer: Inflammation of one or more joints, causing pain and stiffness that
can worsen with age.
◍ Ischemia.
Answer: Usually due to decreases in blood floe to a tissue, most common
type of cellular injury where insufficient O2 interferes w/ cellular
metabolism, #1 cause leading to Hypoxia
◍ anaplasia.
Answer: a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each
other
◍ Leukopenia.
Answer: A decreased number of leukocytes in the blood
◍ Osteoporosis.
Answer: A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones, increasing the
risk of fractures.
◍ Cellular Adaptation.
Answer: The process by which cells adjust to changes in their environment
to maintain homeostasis.
◍ Types of Immune Response.
Answer: The mechanisms by which the immune system responds to
pathogens, including innate and adaptive immunity.
◍ Immunosuppression.
Answer: A reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system,
often used in medical treatments to prevent rejection of transplanted organs.
◍ Gap junctions.
Answer: (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between
adjacent cells
, ◍ exotoxins.
Answer: very potent proteins that produce specific physiologic effects (good
for vaccines)
◍ Elements of the Nucleus.
Answer: highly specialized, controls cell activities, contains the hereditary
material of the cell
◍ Carcinogenesis.
Answer: The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer
cells, involving genetic mutations and changes in cell behavior.
◍ Apoptosis ("POP").
Answer: Programmed cell death (cell suicide) that removes cells that need
being replaced or have worn out, a normal process w/in the body
◍ Anaerobic metabolism.
Answer: 1 glucose = 2 ATP + H + pyruvate Pyruvic acid —> lactic acid
(leads to acidosis)
◍ Cell-to-Cell Communication.
Answer: a form of cell communication that occurs between two different
cells via cell membrane contact
◍ Function of the Nucleus.
Answer: -serves as the information & administrative center of the
cell-genetic material is stored & organization + transcription of DNA into
messenger RNA (mRNA) occurs
◍ Cellular Function.
Answer: The various activities and processes that cells perform to maintain
life, including metabolism, communication, and reproduction.
◍ Inflammation.
Answer: The body's response to injury or infection, characterized by
redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
◍ what immunity response develops when T cells link with and antigen and is
