NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 CERTIFICATION
SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Limit alcohol consumption Low-fat diet Regular exercise Smoking
cessation.
Answer: Pancreatitis Prevention
◍ manifestations of asthma.
Answer: wheezing, SOB, dyspnea, chest tightness, cough, tachypnea,
anxietystatus asthmaticus-life threatening prolonged asthma attack not
responding to usual treatmentcan lead to repiratory alkalosis and respiratory
failure quickly
◍ Most commonly the first test for prostate cancer.
Answer: Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen
◍ Can exhibit mineralorticoid (function is to maintain normal salt and water
balance by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion) activity in
high concentrations..
Answer: Cortisol
◍ Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or
parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or
trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection..
Answer: .Cystitis Causes
◍ hypercalcemia causes.
Answer: increased intake or absorption, shift from bone to
ECF-hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, bone tumors
,◍ testicular torsion treatment.
Answer: emergencymanual manipulation and surgery to untwist testis"pex"
secure untwisted testis to the scrotal wall"pex" contralateral testis
◍ testicular torsion etiology.
Answer: twisted spermatic cord and blood vesselscan be brought on by
trauma or after strenuous exercise or spontaneously
◍ Iron-deficiency Anemia.
Answer: Not enough iron for hemoglobin productionerythrocytes pale and
smallEtiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased
bleedingmanifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails,
headache/irritability, pica, cyanosis of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
◍ innate defenses.
Answer: physical and chemical barriersskin/mucous membranebacteriostatic
layer on skinhydrochloric acid in stomachters and saliva lysozyme (disolves
bacteral cell walls)inlammationpyrogens-released by macrophages, travel to
hypothal. cause feverinterferons-interefere with spread of viral spread-cells
last dying protectioncomplement proteins-membrane attack complex,
embeds in bacteria and allows water inflow and lysis. also stimulate
vasodilation, increase cas. permeability, promote phagocytosis
◍ Syphilis manifestations.
Answer: primary-formation of chancre after 2-3 weekssecondary-2-3 weeks
after chancre forms, generalized, non-pruritic brown-red rash, low grade
fever, malaise, patchy hair loss, sore throat, headache,
lymphadenopathylatent/tertiary phase: 2/3 asymptomatic, positive serologic
assay, contagious only during early part of this stage. can lead to blindness,
paralysis, dementia,CVD, pathological fractures, death
◍ Syphilis etiology.
Answer: spirocete bacterium Treponema pallidumtransmitted through skin
or mucous membrane contact with infected/ulcerative lesion (chancre) and
through placental transfer after 4 monthscauses inflammation and fibrosis of
, vascular tissue systemically
◍ long term complications of diabetes mellitus.
Answer: hyperglycemia, DKA, hypoglycemia, heart disease, stroke, HTN,
diabetic retinopathy, blindness, kidney disease, amputations, periodontal
disease, preg complications, increase susceptibility to infections, erectile
dysfunction. high blood glucose can harden vasculature
◍ Kidney infection Ascends from lower urinary tract Most effective
preventative measure is early removal of catheter.
Answer: Pyelonephritis Cause
◍ The backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the LES.
Answer: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
◍ Excess GH that occurs in childhood before the skeletal epiphyses closes.
Left untreated, may grow >8' tall with increased risk of cardiomegaly and
heart failure..
Answer: .Pituitary Gigantism
◍ gonorrhea treatment.
Answer: combination of antibiotics. ceftriaxone (cephalosporin),
azithromycin (Zithromax), doxycycline, or gemifloxacin (Factive)screening
of sexual partners
◍ Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and etiology.
Answer: increased volume in limited space of cranial cavity. increased ICP
can occur from TBI and other conditions that increase volume in skull
(tumor, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage)
◍ Steady, boring pain in epigastrium or LUQ Increases in intensity Severe
tenderness on palpation Radiates or penetrates to back Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal distention Hypoactive bowel sounds Low-grade fever.
Answer: .Pancreatitis S/S
◍ Burning pain on empty stomach Eating relieves pain Life-threatening
complications, such as GI bleeding, may occur with no warning..
, Answer: S/S of Peptic Ulcer Disease
◍ Fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis, infertility..
Answer: Cryptorchidism Complications
◍ Inflammation of the prostate. Most common association is
E. coli..
Answer: Prostatitis
◍ Hypercortisolism; excess circulating glucocorticoids. Exogenous steroid use
is the most common cause..
Answer: Cushing Syndrome
◍ the loss of propulsive ability by the bowel and may occur after abdominal
surgery or in association with hypokalemia, peritonitis, severe trauma spinal
fractures, ureteral distention, and the administration of medications such as
narcotics..
Answer: Functional Obstruction
◍ Tuberculosis Etiology.
Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing aerobic
bacillus.person-to-person trasmission occurs through inhalation of tiny
infected aerosol droplets. Only people with active TB can spread the disease
to others. opportunistic infection
◍ 5 P's of compartment syndrome.
Answer: pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysisincreased pressure within
compartment-fascia- restricts blood flow, circulation to tissue and nerves.
extreme bleeding or swelling. fasciotomy to relieve pressure
◍ Cushing's manifestations.
Answer: moon face, obesity, buffalo hump, muscle weakness/wasting,
delayed growth, acne, broad purple striae, thin bruisable skin, delayed
healing, hyperpigmentation (due to ACTH), increased infections,
osteoporosis, hirsutism (abnormail hair growth), glucose intolerance,
hypertension, dyslipidemia, edema, hypokalemia, mood changes
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 CERTIFICATION
SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
◍ Limit alcohol consumption Low-fat diet Regular exercise Smoking
cessation.
Answer: Pancreatitis Prevention
◍ manifestations of asthma.
Answer: wheezing, SOB, dyspnea, chest tightness, cough, tachypnea,
anxietystatus asthmaticus-life threatening prolonged asthma attack not
responding to usual treatmentcan lead to repiratory alkalosis and respiratory
failure quickly
◍ Most commonly the first test for prostate cancer.
Answer: Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen
◍ Can exhibit mineralorticoid (function is to maintain normal salt and water
balance by promoting sodium retention and potassium excretion) activity in
high concentrations..
Answer: Cortisol
◍ Inflammation of the bladder lining, may result from bacterial, fungal, or
parasitic infections; chemical irritants; foreign bodies (e.g., stones); or
trauma. By far the most common is bacterial infection..
Answer: .Cystitis Causes
◍ hypercalcemia causes.
Answer: increased intake or absorption, shift from bone to
ECF-hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, bone tumors
,◍ testicular torsion treatment.
Answer: emergencymanual manipulation and surgery to untwist testis"pex"
secure untwisted testis to the scrotal wall"pex" contralateral testis
◍ testicular torsion etiology.
Answer: twisted spermatic cord and blood vesselscan be brought on by
trauma or after strenuous exercise or spontaneously
◍ Iron-deficiency Anemia.
Answer: Not enough iron for hemoglobin productionerythrocytes pale and
smallEtiology: decreased iron consumption/absorption, increased
bleedingmanifestations in addition to "anemia": brittle nails,
headache/irritability, pica, cyanosis of sclera of eyes, delayed healing
◍ innate defenses.
Answer: physical and chemical barriersskin/mucous membranebacteriostatic
layer on skinhydrochloric acid in stomachters and saliva lysozyme (disolves
bacteral cell walls)inlammationpyrogens-released by macrophages, travel to
hypothal. cause feverinterferons-interefere with spread of viral spread-cells
last dying protectioncomplement proteins-membrane attack complex,
embeds in bacteria and allows water inflow and lysis. also stimulate
vasodilation, increase cas. permeability, promote phagocytosis
◍ Syphilis manifestations.
Answer: primary-formation of chancre after 2-3 weekssecondary-2-3 weeks
after chancre forms, generalized, non-pruritic brown-red rash, low grade
fever, malaise, patchy hair loss, sore throat, headache,
lymphadenopathylatent/tertiary phase: 2/3 asymptomatic, positive serologic
assay, contagious only during early part of this stage. can lead to blindness,
paralysis, dementia,CVD, pathological fractures, death
◍ Syphilis etiology.
Answer: spirocete bacterium Treponema pallidumtransmitted through skin
or mucous membrane contact with infected/ulcerative lesion (chancre) and
through placental transfer after 4 monthscauses inflammation and fibrosis of
, vascular tissue systemically
◍ long term complications of diabetes mellitus.
Answer: hyperglycemia, DKA, hypoglycemia, heart disease, stroke, HTN,
diabetic retinopathy, blindness, kidney disease, amputations, periodontal
disease, preg complications, increase susceptibility to infections, erectile
dysfunction. high blood glucose can harden vasculature
◍ Kidney infection Ascends from lower urinary tract Most effective
preventative measure is early removal of catheter.
Answer: Pyelonephritis Cause
◍ The backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the LES.
Answer: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
◍ Excess GH that occurs in childhood before the skeletal epiphyses closes.
Left untreated, may grow >8' tall with increased risk of cardiomegaly and
heart failure..
Answer: .Pituitary Gigantism
◍ gonorrhea treatment.
Answer: combination of antibiotics. ceftriaxone (cephalosporin),
azithromycin (Zithromax), doxycycline, or gemifloxacin (Factive)screening
of sexual partners
◍ Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) and etiology.
Answer: increased volume in limited space of cranial cavity. increased ICP
can occur from TBI and other conditions that increase volume in skull
(tumor, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage)
◍ Steady, boring pain in epigastrium or LUQ Increases in intensity Severe
tenderness on palpation Radiates or penetrates to back Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal distention Hypoactive bowel sounds Low-grade fever.
Answer: .Pancreatitis S/S
◍ Burning pain on empty stomach Eating relieves pain Life-threatening
complications, such as GI bleeding, may occur with no warning..
, Answer: S/S of Peptic Ulcer Disease
◍ Fibrotic tubules with deficiency in spermatogenesis, infertility..
Answer: Cryptorchidism Complications
◍ Inflammation of the prostate. Most common association is
E. coli..
Answer: Prostatitis
◍ Hypercortisolism; excess circulating glucocorticoids. Exogenous steroid use
is the most common cause..
Answer: Cushing Syndrome
◍ the loss of propulsive ability by the bowel and may occur after abdominal
surgery or in association with hypokalemia, peritonitis, severe trauma spinal
fractures, ureteral distention, and the administration of medications such as
narcotics..
Answer: Functional Obstruction
◍ Tuberculosis Etiology.
Answer: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing aerobic
bacillus.person-to-person trasmission occurs through inhalation of tiny
infected aerosol droplets. Only people with active TB can spread the disease
to others. opportunistic infection
◍ 5 P's of compartment syndrome.
Answer: pain, pulse, pallor, paresthesia, paralysisincreased pressure within
compartment-fascia- restricts blood flow, circulation to tissue and nerves.
extreme bleeding or swelling. fasciotomy to relieve pressure
◍ Cushing's manifestations.
Answer: moon face, obesity, buffalo hump, muscle weakness/wasting,
delayed growth, acne, broad purple striae, thin bruisable skin, delayed
healing, hyperpigmentation (due to ACTH), increased infections,
osteoporosis, hirsutism (abnormail hair growth), glucose intolerance,
hypertension, dyslipidemia, edema, hypokalemia, mood changes
