INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL
PHARMACOLOGY BY VISOVSKY ACTUAL TEST
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ clinical pharmacology. Answer: the effects of drugs on humans
◉ drug. Answer: any agent that can be used to treat, diagnose or
prevent disease
chemical name
generic or trivial name
abbreviation
brand name
◉ pharmacodynamics. Answer: biochemical and physiological
effects of drugs and mechanisms of action (drug and receptor
interactions)
What does the drug do to the body? How does it work?
,◉ pharmacokinestics. Answer: the time course of absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)
what the body does to the drug
◉ pharmacotherapeutics. Answer: prevention and treatment of
disease
must consider risk/benefit ratio
therapeutic v. toxic effects
◉ toxicology. Answer: study of poisons (recognition, treatment,
prevention)
◉ teratology. Answer: the study of "monsters"
how drugs, taken during pregnancy, can effect the fetus
morphologically
◉ Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR). Answer:
pregnancy exposure registry, risk summary, clinical considerations,
data
, lactation information
females and males of reproductive potential
◉ pharmacogenomics. Answer: study of how genetic (genome)
differences in multiple genes influence variability in drug response
(efficacy and toxicity)
◉ pharmacogenetics. Answer: study of how genetic differences in a
single gene influence variability in drug response (efficacy and
toxicity)
◉ therapeutic index. Answer: margin of safety
TD50/ED50
a more dangerous drug has a lower therapeutic index
◉ agonist. Answer: drug that combines with a receptor and
produces the same response as an endogenous chemical
stimulates the release of endogenous chemical
PHARMACOLOGY BY VISOVSKY ACTUAL TEST
PAPER 2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ clinical pharmacology. Answer: the effects of drugs on humans
◉ drug. Answer: any agent that can be used to treat, diagnose or
prevent disease
chemical name
generic or trivial name
abbreviation
brand name
◉ pharmacodynamics. Answer: biochemical and physiological
effects of drugs and mechanisms of action (drug and receptor
interactions)
What does the drug do to the body? How does it work?
,◉ pharmacokinestics. Answer: the time course of absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME)
what the body does to the drug
◉ pharmacotherapeutics. Answer: prevention and treatment of
disease
must consider risk/benefit ratio
therapeutic v. toxic effects
◉ toxicology. Answer: study of poisons (recognition, treatment,
prevention)
◉ teratology. Answer: the study of "monsters"
how drugs, taken during pregnancy, can effect the fetus
morphologically
◉ Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule (PLLR). Answer:
pregnancy exposure registry, risk summary, clinical considerations,
data
, lactation information
females and males of reproductive potential
◉ pharmacogenomics. Answer: study of how genetic (genome)
differences in multiple genes influence variability in drug response
(efficacy and toxicity)
◉ pharmacogenetics. Answer: study of how genetic differences in a
single gene influence variability in drug response (efficacy and
toxicity)
◉ therapeutic index. Answer: margin of safety
TD50/ED50
a more dangerous drug has a lower therapeutic index
◉ agonist. Answer: drug that combines with a receptor and
produces the same response as an endogenous chemical
stimulates the release of endogenous chemical
