INTRODUCTION TO NORMAL STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
2026 VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
◉Coronal scanning planes. Answer: Any plane parallel to the long
axis of the body and perpendicular to sagittal scanning planes.
◉Coupling agent. Answer: Substance used to reduce air between the
ultrasound transducer and surface of the skin.
◉Crura of diaphragm. Answer: Right and left crus or fibromuscular
bands arising from the lumbar vertebrae that insert into the central
tendon of the diaphragm.
◉Cystic. Answer: Describes the sonographic appearance of a fluid
collection within the body that does not meet the criteria to be
considered a true cyst.
◉Deep. Answer: Internal, situated away from the surface.
,◉Depth of penetration. Answer: Maximum distance the sound beam
travels from the transducer through a medium. The greater the
intensity of the ultrasound beam, the greater the distance the beam
will travel through the medium. The greater the attenuation of a
medium, the less the distance of travel.
◉Diffuse disease. Answer: Infiltrative disease throughout an organ
that disrupts the otherwise normal sonographic appearance of
organ parenchyma. Alters the normal echo pattern throughout an
orgran.
◉Doppler (effect). Answer: Change in observed sound frequency
caused by relative motion between source of the sound or reflector
and the observer.
◉Echogenic. Answer: Describes a structure that is able to produce
echoes or echo patterns on sonograms.
◉Echopenic. Answer: Few echoes
◉Echo texture. Answer: Describes the sonographic appearance of
soft tissue structures within the body.
◉Extraorgan pathology. Answer: Abnormal disease process that
originates outside of an organ.
, ◉Focal/multifocal change. Answer: A focal area of altered echo
pattern may be visualized in only a part of an organ.
◉Focal zone. Answer: The point at which the sound beam is the
narrowest and the resolution is the best.
◉Gray scale. Answer: Scale of achromatic colors having multiple
graduations from white to black.
◉Heterogeneous. Answer: Describes an irregular or mixed echo
pattern on a sonographic image.
◉Homogeneous. Answer: Describes uniform or similar echo
patterns on a sonographic image.
◉Hyperechoic. Answer: Comparative term used to describe an area
in a sonographic image where the echoes are brighter or more
intense relative to surrounding structures.
◉Hypoechoic. Answer: Comparative term used to describe an area
in a sonographic image where the echoes are not as bright compared
to surrounding structures.
AND FUNCTION COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
2026 VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
◉Coronal scanning planes. Answer: Any plane parallel to the long
axis of the body and perpendicular to sagittal scanning planes.
◉Coupling agent. Answer: Substance used to reduce air between the
ultrasound transducer and surface of the skin.
◉Crura of diaphragm. Answer: Right and left crus or fibromuscular
bands arising from the lumbar vertebrae that insert into the central
tendon of the diaphragm.
◉Cystic. Answer: Describes the sonographic appearance of a fluid
collection within the body that does not meet the criteria to be
considered a true cyst.
◉Deep. Answer: Internal, situated away from the surface.
,◉Depth of penetration. Answer: Maximum distance the sound beam
travels from the transducer through a medium. The greater the
intensity of the ultrasound beam, the greater the distance the beam
will travel through the medium. The greater the attenuation of a
medium, the less the distance of travel.
◉Diffuse disease. Answer: Infiltrative disease throughout an organ
that disrupts the otherwise normal sonographic appearance of
organ parenchyma. Alters the normal echo pattern throughout an
orgran.
◉Doppler (effect). Answer: Change in observed sound frequency
caused by relative motion between source of the sound or reflector
and the observer.
◉Echogenic. Answer: Describes a structure that is able to produce
echoes or echo patterns on sonograms.
◉Echopenic. Answer: Few echoes
◉Echo texture. Answer: Describes the sonographic appearance of
soft tissue structures within the body.
◉Extraorgan pathology. Answer: Abnormal disease process that
originates outside of an organ.
, ◉Focal/multifocal change. Answer: A focal area of altered echo
pattern may be visualized in only a part of an organ.
◉Focal zone. Answer: The point at which the sound beam is the
narrowest and the resolution is the best.
◉Gray scale. Answer: Scale of achromatic colors having multiple
graduations from white to black.
◉Heterogeneous. Answer: Describes an irregular or mixed echo
pattern on a sonographic image.
◉Homogeneous. Answer: Describes uniform or similar echo
patterns on a sonographic image.
◉Hyperechoic. Answer: Comparative term used to describe an area
in a sonographic image where the echoes are brighter or more
intense relative to surrounding structures.
◉Hypoechoic. Answer: Comparative term used to describe an area
in a sonographic image where the echoes are not as bright compared
to surrounding structures.
