NUR 5461 FINAL TEST 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Metabolic Syndrome.
Answer: Abdominal obesityMen: waist circumference > 102 cm / 40 in.
Women: waist circumference >88 cm / 35 in.Atherogenic dyslipidemia
(triad)High triglycerides (> 150 mg/dL), Small LDL particles so LDL-C is
low or mildly elevated, Low HDL (< 40 men; <50 women)Elevated blood
pressure (>/= 130/85)Insulin resistance (impaired fasting glucose >/=
100)Prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory states (not usually measured but
implied with + metabolic syndrome)
◍ Depression treatment.
Answer: Three phases. Acute: symptom remission. (4-8
weeks)Continuation: stabilization when risk of relapse is high (6-12 months)
Maintenance: goal is prevention of recurrences.
◍ Tobacco Prevention.
Answer: • Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of death• After 40 years
of progress, the decrease in adult smoking rates has stalled in the past 6 yrs•
But most people who have ever smoked have already quit, and most of
today's smokers want to quit• Progress stalled starting in 2004SCREEN
FOR RISK FACTORS
◍ What are blood pressure goals (JNC 8).
Answer: SBP <140 mm Hg (unless >60 years, then 150) DBP < 90 mm Hg
Home SBP <135 mm Hg Home DBP <85 mm Hg For patients with
diabetes, heart failure, or chronic renal failure BP <140/90 mm Hg If goal
BP cannot be met, partial control yields some benefit Goals in Older Adults
<140/90: 65-79 140-145 for 80 + if tolerated
◍ Malnutrition.
, Answer: lack of proper nutrition30-50% of hospitalized patients have some
sort of poor nutrition
◍ The job of thyroid hormones.
Answer: Regulate energy, heat production, facilitate development of CNS,
growth/puberty and it regulates proteins important in the liver, cardiac,
neuro, and muscle functioning.
◍ What population is more likely to be diagnosed with hypothyroidism.
Answer: Women, 2-8x greater than men
◍ Loop diuretics for hypertension.
Answer: Used in patients with renal insufficiencyMay cause increase
calcium loss, leading to osteoporosisFurosemide, bumetanide, torsemide
◍ Action of thyroid hormones?.
Answer: Growth and developmentRegulates basal metabolic rateAffects
carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolismRegulates central nervous system
and skeletal development in uteroControls cellular metabolism and oxygen
consumption
◍ Levels of Evidence (USPSTF).
Answer: • Levels of Evidence:A: recommends the service. There is high
certainty that the netbenefit is substantial.B: recommends the service. There
is high certainty that the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate
certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial.C: recommends
against routinely providing the service -Benefit small if presentD:
recommends against the service -harm > benefitI: current evidence is
insufficient
◍ Muscle related terminology.
Answer: Myopathy-General term describing any diseases of muscle
Myalgia-Muscle ache or weakness without elevated CK Myositis-Muscle
SX with elevated CK Rhabdomyolysis-Muscle SX with CK > 10x normal
limit Usually brown urine & urinary myoglobinStatins can cause these
symptoms
,◍ What are the recommendations for sodium?.
Answer: The new recommended sodium intake per day is 1500 mg
◍ smoking cessation aids and drugs.
Answer: (Zyban), Chantix, social support, & skills trainingNicotine
replacement therapy, bupropion
◍ Adjustment disorder.
Answer: significant emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a
clearly identifiable stressor. lasts no longer than 6 months.
◍ What is the starting dose range for insulin in type 1 diabetes.
Answer: Range: 0.4-0.5 units/kg per day
◍ What is the laboratory presentation of Hypothyroidism.
Answer: Elevated TSHDecreased Free T4
◍ Calcium Channel Blockers.
Answer: agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells,
causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen
and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels
to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias,
and hypertension Widely variable affects on heart Muscle, sinus node, AV
conduction, peripheral arteries, and coronary circulation
Dihydropyridines—dilate arteries Non-dihyro—less arterial dilation but
reduce HR and contractility Inhibit calcium passage Relaxes vessel wall
Causes constipation and pedal edema in some patients
◍ Renal glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes.
Answer: Sodium-glucose cotransporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1 and SGLT2)
reabsorb glucose in the proximal tubule of kidney Ensures glucose
availability during fasting periods Renal glucose reabsorption is increased in
type 2 diabetes Contributes to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia leads to increased SGLT2 levels, which raises the blood
glucose threshold for urinary glucose excretion
, ◍ Interprofessional Education.
Answer: Interprofessional education (IPE) is a teaching and learning
approach that involves students from two or more professions learning
together to improve health outcomes.
◍ MVC 103-160.
Answer: Macrocytic. B12 deficiency or Folate deficiency. (ETOH, vegan,
low gastric juices). ALWAYS CHECK B12 & FOLATE LEVELS
◍ Etiology of several different forms or types of dementia.
Answer: Alzheimer disease• Amyloid plaques/oligomers • Tau
neurofibrillary tanglesLewy body and Parkinson dementia• Cytoplasmic
α-synuclein inclusion bodiesFrontotemporal dementia• Tau or ubiquitin
proteins
◍ Action of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Answer: Increase urinary excretion of glucose"glifozin"
◍ General complication strategies for prevention in Diabetes.
Answer: A—A1C target <7% B—BP target <130/80 C—Lipid Targets TC
less than 200 mg/dL HDL above 45 mg/dL LDL less than 100 mg/dL [70
mg/dL or less if patient already has CAD] Trigs less than 150 mg/dL [90
mg/dL ensures large dense LDL, per Framingham data] D—Do Not Smoke
◍ What is dyslipidemia.
Answer: An excessive accumulation of one or more of the major lipids
transported in plasma, or a decrease in HDL
◍ What affect does potassium have on BP?.
Answer: Increasing potassium intake lowers BPPotassium can lower blood
pressure through several mechanisms, including:Natriuresis: Potassium can
cause sodium depletion.Plasma renin activity: Potassium can decrease
plasma renin activity.Neurogenic components: Potassium can alter the
neurogenic components of blood pressure regulation.Angiotensin II
receptors: Potassium can decrease the number of angiotensin II
receptors.Endothelium-dependent vasodilation: Potassium can hyperpolarize
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ Metabolic Syndrome.
Answer: Abdominal obesityMen: waist circumference > 102 cm / 40 in.
Women: waist circumference >88 cm / 35 in.Atherogenic dyslipidemia
(triad)High triglycerides (> 150 mg/dL), Small LDL particles so LDL-C is
low or mildly elevated, Low HDL (< 40 men; <50 women)Elevated blood
pressure (>/= 130/85)Insulin resistance (impaired fasting glucose >/=
100)Prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory states (not usually measured but
implied with + metabolic syndrome)
◍ Depression treatment.
Answer: Three phases. Acute: symptom remission. (4-8
weeks)Continuation: stabilization when risk of relapse is high (6-12 months)
Maintenance: goal is prevention of recurrences.
◍ Tobacco Prevention.
Answer: • Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of death• After 40 years
of progress, the decrease in adult smoking rates has stalled in the past 6 yrs•
But most people who have ever smoked have already quit, and most of
today's smokers want to quit• Progress stalled starting in 2004SCREEN
FOR RISK FACTORS
◍ What are blood pressure goals (JNC 8).
Answer: SBP <140 mm Hg (unless >60 years, then 150) DBP < 90 mm Hg
Home SBP <135 mm Hg Home DBP <85 mm Hg For patients with
diabetes, heart failure, or chronic renal failure BP <140/90 mm Hg If goal
BP cannot be met, partial control yields some benefit Goals in Older Adults
<140/90: 65-79 140-145 for 80 + if tolerated
◍ Malnutrition.
, Answer: lack of proper nutrition30-50% of hospitalized patients have some
sort of poor nutrition
◍ The job of thyroid hormones.
Answer: Regulate energy, heat production, facilitate development of CNS,
growth/puberty and it regulates proteins important in the liver, cardiac,
neuro, and muscle functioning.
◍ What population is more likely to be diagnosed with hypothyroidism.
Answer: Women, 2-8x greater than men
◍ Loop diuretics for hypertension.
Answer: Used in patients with renal insufficiencyMay cause increase
calcium loss, leading to osteoporosisFurosemide, bumetanide, torsemide
◍ Action of thyroid hormones?.
Answer: Growth and developmentRegulates basal metabolic rateAffects
carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolismRegulates central nervous system
and skeletal development in uteroControls cellular metabolism and oxygen
consumption
◍ Levels of Evidence (USPSTF).
Answer: • Levels of Evidence:A: recommends the service. There is high
certainty that the netbenefit is substantial.B: recommends the service. There
is high certainty that the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate
certainty that the net benefit is moderate to substantial.C: recommends
against routinely providing the service -Benefit small if presentD:
recommends against the service -harm > benefitI: current evidence is
insufficient
◍ Muscle related terminology.
Answer: Myopathy-General term describing any diseases of muscle
Myalgia-Muscle ache or weakness without elevated CK Myositis-Muscle
SX with elevated CK Rhabdomyolysis-Muscle SX with CK > 10x normal
limit Usually brown urine & urinary myoglobinStatins can cause these
symptoms
,◍ What are the recommendations for sodium?.
Answer: The new recommended sodium intake per day is 1500 mg
◍ smoking cessation aids and drugs.
Answer: (Zyban), Chantix, social support, & skills trainingNicotine
replacement therapy, bupropion
◍ Adjustment disorder.
Answer: significant emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to a
clearly identifiable stressor. lasts no longer than 6 months.
◍ What is the starting dose range for insulin in type 1 diabetes.
Answer: Range: 0.4-0.5 units/kg per day
◍ What is the laboratory presentation of Hypothyroidism.
Answer: Elevated TSHDecreased Free T4
◍ Calcium Channel Blockers.
Answer: agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells,
causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen
and nutrients, and a relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels
to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias,
and hypertension Widely variable affects on heart Muscle, sinus node, AV
conduction, peripheral arteries, and coronary circulation
Dihydropyridines—dilate arteries Non-dihyro—less arterial dilation but
reduce HR and contractility Inhibit calcium passage Relaxes vessel wall
Causes constipation and pedal edema in some patients
◍ Renal glucose absorption in type 2 diabetes.
Answer: Sodium-glucose cotransporters 1 and 2 (SGLT1 and SGLT2)
reabsorb glucose in the proximal tubule of kidney Ensures glucose
availability during fasting periods Renal glucose reabsorption is increased in
type 2 diabetes Contributes to fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia
Hyperglycemia leads to increased SGLT2 levels, which raises the blood
glucose threshold for urinary glucose excretion
, ◍ Interprofessional Education.
Answer: Interprofessional education (IPE) is a teaching and learning
approach that involves students from two or more professions learning
together to improve health outcomes.
◍ MVC 103-160.
Answer: Macrocytic. B12 deficiency or Folate deficiency. (ETOH, vegan,
low gastric juices). ALWAYS CHECK B12 & FOLATE LEVELS
◍ Etiology of several different forms or types of dementia.
Answer: Alzheimer disease• Amyloid plaques/oligomers • Tau
neurofibrillary tanglesLewy body and Parkinson dementia• Cytoplasmic
α-synuclein inclusion bodiesFrontotemporal dementia• Tau or ubiquitin
proteins
◍ Action of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Answer: Increase urinary excretion of glucose"glifozin"
◍ General complication strategies for prevention in Diabetes.
Answer: A—A1C target <7% B—BP target <130/80 C—Lipid Targets TC
less than 200 mg/dL HDL above 45 mg/dL LDL less than 100 mg/dL [70
mg/dL or less if patient already has CAD] Trigs less than 150 mg/dL [90
mg/dL ensures large dense LDL, per Framingham data] D—Do Not Smoke
◍ What is dyslipidemia.
Answer: An excessive accumulation of one or more of the major lipids
transported in plasma, or a decrease in HDL
◍ What affect does potassium have on BP?.
Answer: Increasing potassium intake lowers BPPotassium can lower blood
pressure through several mechanisms, including:Natriuresis: Potassium can
cause sodium depletion.Plasma renin activity: Potassium can decrease
plasma renin activity.Neurogenic components: Potassium can alter the
neurogenic components of blood pressure regulation.Angiotensin II
receptors: Potassium can decrease the number of angiotensin II
receptors.Endothelium-dependent vasodilation: Potassium can hyperpolarize
