Hesi Musculoskeletal Disorders Exam #1 Newest
2026 Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
Already Graded A+
Tissues commonly injured when a bone fracture occurs (5) - CORRECT
ANSWER-1. Nerves
2. Muscle
3. Ligaments
4. Tendons
5. Vascular and lymphatic tissue
3 common complications of fractures - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Delayed Union -
Bone healing occurs at slower rate than anticipated - varies depending on bone
2. Non-Union - Healing process stops, caused by many factors
3. Malunion - Healing in non-anatomic position, typically occurs d/t ineffective
immobilization
4 severe complications of fractures - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Hemorrhage
2. Shock (d/t pain/trauma)
3. Infection (open fracture)
,4. Fat embolism to lungs
Classifications of Fractures (6) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Site:
2. Extent
3. Configuration
4. Relationship of Fragments to Each Other
5. Relationship of Fracture to Environment
6. Presence/Absence of Complications
Site of Fractures: Intraarticular, extraarticular, and diaphyseal - CORRECT
ANSWER-Intraarticular - Inside joint capsule
Extracapsular - Outside joint capsule but at the proximal or distal end of bone
Diaphyseal - Shaft of bone
Extent of Fractures: Complete vs incomplete (give examples of incomplete) -
CORRECT ANSWER-Complete - 2+ separate fragments
Incomplete - Bone ends are still attached (crack, hairline, stress, greenstick)
Fracture Configuration:
a. Transverse
,b. Oblique
c. Spiral
d. Comminuted
e. Segmental
f. Avulsed
g. Impacted Torus
h. Greenstick - CORRECT ANSWER-
Displaced vs. non-displaced (relationship of fracture fragments to each other) -
CORRECT ANSWER-Displaced - Bones are no longer in anatomical alignment
with each other
Non-displaced - Bones are still in normal anatomical alignment with each other
Open (compound) vs. Closed fracture (relationship of fracture to the
environment) - CORRECT ANSWER-Open (Compound) - Bone fragments are
exposed and have ruptured the skin and surrounding soft tissue
Closed - Bone fragments are contained within the skin and soft tissue
Percentage of cortical (compact) bone in adult skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER-
80% of adult skeleton is composed of cortical (compact) bone, extremely
dense/doesn't bend
, Percentage of cancellous (spongy) bone in adult skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER-
20% is composed of cancellous (spongy) bone; elastic, flexible, and less dense
Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER-Bone cells that help form and synthesize
bone. Transform into osteocytes when surrounded by bone matrix
Osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWER-Mature bone cells; 90% of all bone tissue
Osteoclasts - CORRECT ANSWER-Active in bone resorption; giant cells with
dozens of nuclei that crawl along bone surface releasing enzymes that break
down bone tissue
Bone Remodeling - CORRECT ANSWER-The normal dynamic process of bone
synthesis and resorption. A lifelong activity that responds to mechanical stress,
which is provided by bending, torsion, and weight bearing (compression). Bones
grow denser in response to forces of gravity and exercise.
Wolff's Law - CORRECT ANSWER-"Intermittently applied stress and changes in
function of bone cause definite changes"
1. Decreased stress on bone d/t immobility
2026 Questions and Correct Detailed Answers
Already Graded A+
Tissues commonly injured when a bone fracture occurs (5) - CORRECT
ANSWER-1. Nerves
2. Muscle
3. Ligaments
4. Tendons
5. Vascular and lymphatic tissue
3 common complications of fractures - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Delayed Union -
Bone healing occurs at slower rate than anticipated - varies depending on bone
2. Non-Union - Healing process stops, caused by many factors
3. Malunion - Healing in non-anatomic position, typically occurs d/t ineffective
immobilization
4 severe complications of fractures - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Hemorrhage
2. Shock (d/t pain/trauma)
3. Infection (open fracture)
,4. Fat embolism to lungs
Classifications of Fractures (6) - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Site:
2. Extent
3. Configuration
4. Relationship of Fragments to Each Other
5. Relationship of Fracture to Environment
6. Presence/Absence of Complications
Site of Fractures: Intraarticular, extraarticular, and diaphyseal - CORRECT
ANSWER-Intraarticular - Inside joint capsule
Extracapsular - Outside joint capsule but at the proximal or distal end of bone
Diaphyseal - Shaft of bone
Extent of Fractures: Complete vs incomplete (give examples of incomplete) -
CORRECT ANSWER-Complete - 2+ separate fragments
Incomplete - Bone ends are still attached (crack, hairline, stress, greenstick)
Fracture Configuration:
a. Transverse
,b. Oblique
c. Spiral
d. Comminuted
e. Segmental
f. Avulsed
g. Impacted Torus
h. Greenstick - CORRECT ANSWER-
Displaced vs. non-displaced (relationship of fracture fragments to each other) -
CORRECT ANSWER-Displaced - Bones are no longer in anatomical alignment
with each other
Non-displaced - Bones are still in normal anatomical alignment with each other
Open (compound) vs. Closed fracture (relationship of fracture to the
environment) - CORRECT ANSWER-Open (Compound) - Bone fragments are
exposed and have ruptured the skin and surrounding soft tissue
Closed - Bone fragments are contained within the skin and soft tissue
Percentage of cortical (compact) bone in adult skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER-
80% of adult skeleton is composed of cortical (compact) bone, extremely
dense/doesn't bend
, Percentage of cancellous (spongy) bone in adult skeleton - CORRECT ANSWER-
20% is composed of cancellous (spongy) bone; elastic, flexible, and less dense
Osteoblasts - CORRECT ANSWER-Bone cells that help form and synthesize
bone. Transform into osteocytes when surrounded by bone matrix
Osteocytes - CORRECT ANSWER-Mature bone cells; 90% of all bone tissue
Osteoclasts - CORRECT ANSWER-Active in bone resorption; giant cells with
dozens of nuclei that crawl along bone surface releasing enzymes that break
down bone tissue
Bone Remodeling - CORRECT ANSWER-The normal dynamic process of bone
synthesis and resorption. A lifelong activity that responds to mechanical stress,
which is provided by bending, torsion, and weight bearing (compression). Bones
grow denser in response to forces of gravity and exercise.
Wolff's Law - CORRECT ANSWER-"Intermittently applied stress and changes in
function of bone cause definite changes"
1. Decreased stress on bone d/t immobility
