CPPS 304 2026 TEST PAPER
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ What two systems does the ANS divide into. Answer:
parasympathetic and sympathetic
◉ How does the dominant tone of an organ affect drug response.
Answer: the dominant tone of an organ indicates which branch of the
ANS (sympathetic or parasympathetic) is dominant/more active in that
organ
Drugs (especially antagonists) affecting the dominant tone will have a
more noticeable effect in that organ
◉ example of a drug affecting the dominant tone of an organ. Answer:
the parasympathetic system is most dominant in the GI tract
a cholinergic antagonist can induce a large reduction in peristaltic
activity and GI tract secretions (both parasympathetic actions)
◉ Lengths of parasympathetic pre/post ganglion neurons. Answer: long
pre ganglionic neurons
short post ganglionic neurons
ganglion basically at target tissue
,◉ Lengths of sympathetic pre/post ganglion neurons. Answer: short pre
ganglionic neurons
long post ganglionic neurons
ganglion at sympathetic chain
◉ where do most of the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
originate from?. Answer: sympathetic: thoraco-lumbar
parasympathetic: cranio-sacral
◉ What is the receptor type and NT used in parasympathetic neurons?
at ganglion:
at effector organ:. Answer: at ganglion: nicotinic cholinergic receptor,
Ach
at effector organ: muscarinic cholinergic receptor, Ach
◉ What is the receptor type and NT used in sympathetic neurons?
at ganglion:
at effector organ:. Answer: at ganglion: nicotinic cholinergic receptor,
Ach
at effector organ: adrenergic receptor, NE (also E)
◉ what other body part is included in the sympathetic system? what
does it do?. Answer: the adrenal medulla
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
,◉ Whaat are epinephrine and norepinephrine?. Answer: hormones and
NT
◉ What are some exceptions to the usual receptors/NT in the
sympathetic system? (2). Answer: post ganglionic neurons that innervate
sweat glands release Ach onto muscarinic cholinergic receptors
some post ganglionic neurons that innervate smooth muscle/cardiac
muscle release Ach
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
eye. Answer: sympathetic: contraction of dilator papillae muscle
(mydriasis)
parasympathetic: contraction of the sphincter papillae muscle (miosis),
contraction of ciliary muscle (lens accommodate for near vision)
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
lacrimal glands. Answer: sympathetic: nothing
parasympathetic: stimulation of tears
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
salivary glands. Answer: sympathetic: thick, viscous secretions ("mouth
goes dry")
parasympathetic: copious, watery secretion (for digestion)
, ◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
trachea and bronchioles. Answer: sympathetic: dilation
parasympathetic: constriction, increased secretions
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
heart. Answer: sympathetic: increased rate; increased contractility
parasympathetic: decreased rate; decreased contractility
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
adrenal medulla. Answer: sympathetic: secretions of epinephrine and
norepinephrine
parasympathetic: nothing
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the GI
system. Answer: sympathetic: decreased muscle motility and tone;
contraction of sphincters
parasympathetic: increased muscle motility and tone
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
kidneys. Answer: sympathetic: recreation of renin (B1 increases; a1
decreases)
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
ureters and bladder. Answer: sympathetic: relaxation of detrusor muscle;
contraction of trigone and sphincter
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉ What two systems does the ANS divide into. Answer:
parasympathetic and sympathetic
◉ How does the dominant tone of an organ affect drug response.
Answer: the dominant tone of an organ indicates which branch of the
ANS (sympathetic or parasympathetic) is dominant/more active in that
organ
Drugs (especially antagonists) affecting the dominant tone will have a
more noticeable effect in that organ
◉ example of a drug affecting the dominant tone of an organ. Answer:
the parasympathetic system is most dominant in the GI tract
a cholinergic antagonist can induce a large reduction in peristaltic
activity and GI tract secretions (both parasympathetic actions)
◉ Lengths of parasympathetic pre/post ganglion neurons. Answer: long
pre ganglionic neurons
short post ganglionic neurons
ganglion basically at target tissue
,◉ Lengths of sympathetic pre/post ganglion neurons. Answer: short pre
ganglionic neurons
long post ganglionic neurons
ganglion at sympathetic chain
◉ where do most of the sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons
originate from?. Answer: sympathetic: thoraco-lumbar
parasympathetic: cranio-sacral
◉ What is the receptor type and NT used in parasympathetic neurons?
at ganglion:
at effector organ:. Answer: at ganglion: nicotinic cholinergic receptor,
Ach
at effector organ: muscarinic cholinergic receptor, Ach
◉ What is the receptor type and NT used in sympathetic neurons?
at ganglion:
at effector organ:. Answer: at ganglion: nicotinic cholinergic receptor,
Ach
at effector organ: adrenergic receptor, NE (also E)
◉ what other body part is included in the sympathetic system? what
does it do?. Answer: the adrenal medulla
releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
,◉ Whaat are epinephrine and norepinephrine?. Answer: hormones and
NT
◉ What are some exceptions to the usual receptors/NT in the
sympathetic system? (2). Answer: post ganglionic neurons that innervate
sweat glands release Ach onto muscarinic cholinergic receptors
some post ganglionic neurons that innervate smooth muscle/cardiac
muscle release Ach
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
eye. Answer: sympathetic: contraction of dilator papillae muscle
(mydriasis)
parasympathetic: contraction of the sphincter papillae muscle (miosis),
contraction of ciliary muscle (lens accommodate for near vision)
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
lacrimal glands. Answer: sympathetic: nothing
parasympathetic: stimulation of tears
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
salivary glands. Answer: sympathetic: thick, viscous secretions ("mouth
goes dry")
parasympathetic: copious, watery secretion (for digestion)
, ◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
trachea and bronchioles. Answer: sympathetic: dilation
parasympathetic: constriction, increased secretions
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
heart. Answer: sympathetic: increased rate; increased contractility
parasympathetic: decreased rate; decreased contractility
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
adrenal medulla. Answer: sympathetic: secretions of epinephrine and
norepinephrine
parasympathetic: nothing
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the GI
system. Answer: sympathetic: decreased muscle motility and tone;
contraction of sphincters
parasympathetic: increased muscle motility and tone
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
kidneys. Answer: sympathetic: recreation of renin (B1 increases; a1
decreases)
◉ What does the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems do in the
ureters and bladder. Answer: sympathetic: relaxation of detrusor muscle;
contraction of trigone and sphincter
