CCJ 3011 - Exam 3
What is the central premise of labeling theory? the formal and informal application of "labels"
In labeling theory, what does a relative lack of the differential application of official
power lead to? stigmatizing labels
Are "labels" independent or dependent "labels" can be independent or dependent
variables? variables, depending on the situation
What matters more: the criminal behavior that
the criminal behavior that follows the addition
causes "labels" to be added, or the criminal
of "labels" matters more
behavior that follows?
Who proposed the "looking-glass self" theory? Cooly (1902)
self-image is created through social interaction;
What is the main idea of the looking-glass self
identity is shaped through how we imagine
theory?
other people perceive us
individuals construct shared meanings and
What did Mead (1934) posit, that expanded on
understandings, such as the self, when
the looking-glass self theory?
communicating with others
Who made the earliest statements that would
Tennenbaum (1938)
ultimately become known as labeling theory?
the process of applying stigma to youthful
What is the "dramatization of evil"?
offenders
Who proposed primary and secondary deviance
Lemert (1951)
in labeling theory?
What is primary deviance in labeling theory? the initial act of deviance
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory? the responsive acts to the deviance
True or false: False
In labeling theory, a primary deviance is a In labeling theory, a primary deviance is an
societal reaction, while a secondary deviance is isolated incident, while a secondary deviance is a
an isolated incident. societal reaction.
Who conducted and wrote the study
Becker (1963)
"Outsiders"?
, What does labeling theory identify the
differential application of official stigmatizing a relative lack of power
labels to be the result of?
Does labeling increase or decrease the labeling increases the likelihood of secondary
likelihood of secondary deviance? deviances
Does labeling increase or decrease the number labeling decreases the number of conventional
of conventional opportunities for an individual? opportunities for an individual
- Self-concept
What three elements mediate the relationship
- Reduced conventional opportunities
between labeling and secondary deviance?
- Increased deviant peer associations
What do the characteristics of an individual
criminal justice contact and labeling
impact the likelihood of?
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim
"Labeling increases the likelihood of secondary Chiricos, et al. (2007)
deviance"?
- Studied men and women from Florida to find
the effects of formal adjudication on recidivism
What did Chiricos, et al. (2007) study, and what - Found that formal adjudication (i.e., the
were the primary findings? labeling process) increased the likelihood of
recidivism, even after controlling for prior
criminal records and other factors
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim
Widdowson, et al. (2016)
"Labeling reduces conventional opportunities"?
- Studied how high school arrests effected
college opportunities
What did Widdowson, et al. (2016) study, and
was were the primary findings? - Found that arrests during high school reduced
the odds of enrollment in a 4-year college
immediately following high school
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim
"The relationship between labeling and
secondary deviance is mediated by a deviant
Bernburg and Krohn (2003)
self-concept, reduced conventional
opportunities, and increased deviant peer
associations"?
What is the central premise of labeling theory? the formal and informal application of "labels"
In labeling theory, what does a relative lack of the differential application of official
power lead to? stigmatizing labels
Are "labels" independent or dependent "labels" can be independent or dependent
variables? variables, depending on the situation
What matters more: the criminal behavior that
the criminal behavior that follows the addition
causes "labels" to be added, or the criminal
of "labels" matters more
behavior that follows?
Who proposed the "looking-glass self" theory? Cooly (1902)
self-image is created through social interaction;
What is the main idea of the looking-glass self
identity is shaped through how we imagine
theory?
other people perceive us
individuals construct shared meanings and
What did Mead (1934) posit, that expanded on
understandings, such as the self, when
the looking-glass self theory?
communicating with others
Who made the earliest statements that would
Tennenbaum (1938)
ultimately become known as labeling theory?
the process of applying stigma to youthful
What is the "dramatization of evil"?
offenders
Who proposed primary and secondary deviance
Lemert (1951)
in labeling theory?
What is primary deviance in labeling theory? the initial act of deviance
What is secondary deviance in labeling theory? the responsive acts to the deviance
True or false: False
In labeling theory, a primary deviance is a In labeling theory, a primary deviance is an
societal reaction, while a secondary deviance is isolated incident, while a secondary deviance is a
an isolated incident. societal reaction.
Who conducted and wrote the study
Becker (1963)
"Outsiders"?
, What does labeling theory identify the
differential application of official stigmatizing a relative lack of power
labels to be the result of?
Does labeling increase or decrease the labeling increases the likelihood of secondary
likelihood of secondary deviance? deviances
Does labeling increase or decrease the number labeling decreases the number of conventional
of conventional opportunities for an individual? opportunities for an individual
- Self-concept
What three elements mediate the relationship
- Reduced conventional opportunities
between labeling and secondary deviance?
- Increased deviant peer associations
What do the characteristics of an individual
criminal justice contact and labeling
impact the likelihood of?
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim
"Labeling increases the likelihood of secondary Chiricos, et al. (2007)
deviance"?
- Studied men and women from Florida to find
the effects of formal adjudication on recidivism
What did Chiricos, et al. (2007) study, and what - Found that formal adjudication (i.e., the
were the primary findings? labeling process) increased the likelihood of
recidivism, even after controlling for prior
criminal records and other factors
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim
Widdowson, et al. (2016)
"Labeling reduces conventional opportunities"?
- Studied how high school arrests effected
college opportunities
What did Widdowson, et al. (2016) study, and
was were the primary findings? - Found that arrests during high school reduced
the odds of enrollment in a 4-year college
immediately following high school
Who provided empirical evidence for the claim
"The relationship between labeling and
secondary deviance is mediated by a deviant
Bernburg and Krohn (2003)
self-concept, reduced conventional
opportunities, and increased deviant peer
associations"?
