NURS 6111 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE WITH KEY CONCEPTS
AND LAB VALUES
1. Na normal lab value: 135-145
2. K normal lab value: 3.5-5.0
3. Mg normal lab value: 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
4. Calcium normal lab value: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
5. Abnormal signs and symptoms of K: excessive thirst, increased urination, muscle cramps,
fatigue/weakness, irregular heartbeat, constipation, abdominal cramping
6. Abnormal signs and symptoms of Mg: muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, abnormal heart
rhythm, numbness/tingling, mental symptoms, insomnia
7. Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by: converting a strong acid or base to
a weak one
8. Types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type 1: Immunoglobulin IgE mediated reactions(allergic
reaction), rapid time frame, ex peanut allergy
Type 2: tissue specific, activates complement cascade/phagocytosis, body attacks healthy RBC thinking they are
foreign, ex graves, hep induced thrombocytopenia
Type 3: immune complexes formed in circulation and deposited into cell wall and cause tissue damage , ex is
rayanuds
Type 4: delayed sensitivity, only type that is mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve antibodies, ex contact
sensitivity to poison ivy, latex, mycobacterial infection
9. Prematurity: baby born before 37 weeks gestation, causes: maternal age, multiple pregnancies, uterine or
cervical abnormalities, infections/chronic conditions. Clinical findings of premature babies: low birth weight, jaundice,
feeding diflculties
10. RDS (respiratory distress syndrome): babies born before 28 weeks, caused by lack of surfactant,
characterized by shallow rapid breathing(grunting), males are more prone
11. NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis): babies born before 32 weeks, caused by damage and inflam-
mation to intestinal tissues, characterized by bloody stools and distended abdomen. Risk factors: low birth weight,
formula feedings
12. SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome): common between 1-4 months of age, most frequent
death for child 2 weeks-1 year, can occur from sleeping on soft surface, occurs in boys more often than girls
13. Prader-Willi Syndrome: Caused by a lack of genetic material in the 15 pair of chromosomes. Usually
inherited from the father. The leading genetic cause of obesity. The degree of mental retardation varies, but is usually
in the mild range. Students with Prader-Willi syndrome can be rigid and oppositional. They do not respond well to
sudden changes in their routine. It can also result in low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development,
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, NURS 6111 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE WITH KEY CONCEPTS
AND LAB VALUES
cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to excessive eating and
life-threatening obesity.
14. DiGeorge Syndrome: caused by missing piece of chromosome 22, attects the heart, immune system,
parathyroid glands, can be inherited from parents, DGS triad: conotruncal cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus,
and hypocalcemia. can cause cleft lip, hearing loss, learning diflculties
15. Function of IgA antibody: inhibit the passage of alien substances that attempt to enter the circulatory
system. mucosal immunity
16. function of IgE antibody: protect against parasitic invasions and supervise allergic reactions
17. Function of IgG antibody: -Long-term immunity
-protection of newborns during the first 6 months of life
18. Function of IgM antibody: Activated complement system (classical pathway)
Agglutinate microorganism
19. Why can select IgA deficiency lead to a blood transfusion reaction?: can lead
to the patient developing antibodies that fight against the IgA causing a transfusion reaction
20. plasma proteins: albumin, fibrinogen, globulins. Proteins function to control oncotic pressure, transport
substances (hemoglobin, lipids, calcium), and promote inflammation and the complement cascade.
21. action potential stages: 1) resting potential = Na+ ions outside while K+ ions inside
2) depolarization = Na+ channels open & Na+ comes in; cell becomes more positive (meets threshold of -55 mV to
fire)
3) repolarization = K+ channels open & K+ goes out; cell becomes more negative
4) undershoot = cell goes below resting potential; K+ channels are slow to close
5) return to resting potential = both channels close; Na+ & K+ pumps restore concentration gradient
22. ABG interpretation: pH 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 35-45
HCO3 22-26
ROME- Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
23. active transport: Energy-requiring(energy often supplied by ATP) process that moves material across a
cell membrane against a concentration ditterence
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AND LAB VALUES
1. Na normal lab value: 135-145
2. K normal lab value: 3.5-5.0
3. Mg normal lab value: 1.3-2.1 mEq/L
4. Calcium normal lab value: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
5. Abnormal signs and symptoms of K: excessive thirst, increased urination, muscle cramps,
fatigue/weakness, irregular heartbeat, constipation, abdominal cramping
6. Abnormal signs and symptoms of Mg: muscle cramps, fatigue/weakness, abnormal heart
rhythm, numbness/tingling, mental symptoms, insomnia
7. Acid-base buffer systems minimize pH changes by: converting a strong acid or base to
a weak one
8. Types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type 1: Immunoglobulin IgE mediated reactions(allergic
reaction), rapid time frame, ex peanut allergy
Type 2: tissue specific, activates complement cascade/phagocytosis, body attacks healthy RBC thinking they are
foreign, ex graves, hep induced thrombocytopenia
Type 3: immune complexes formed in circulation and deposited into cell wall and cause tissue damage , ex is
rayanuds
Type 4: delayed sensitivity, only type that is mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve antibodies, ex contact
sensitivity to poison ivy, latex, mycobacterial infection
9. Prematurity: baby born before 37 weeks gestation, causes: maternal age, multiple pregnancies, uterine or
cervical abnormalities, infections/chronic conditions. Clinical findings of premature babies: low birth weight, jaundice,
feeding diflculties
10. RDS (respiratory distress syndrome): babies born before 28 weeks, caused by lack of surfactant,
characterized by shallow rapid breathing(grunting), males are more prone
11. NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis): babies born before 32 weeks, caused by damage and inflam-
mation to intestinal tissues, characterized by bloody stools and distended abdomen. Risk factors: low birth weight,
formula feedings
12. SIDS(sudden infant death syndrome): common between 1-4 months of age, most frequent
death for child 2 weeks-1 year, can occur from sleeping on soft surface, occurs in boys more often than girls
13. Prader-Willi Syndrome: Caused by a lack of genetic material in the 15 pair of chromosomes. Usually
inherited from the father. The leading genetic cause of obesity. The degree of mental retardation varies, but is usually
in the mild range. Students with Prader-Willi syndrome can be rigid and oppositional. They do not respond well to
sudden changes in their routine. It can also result in low muscle tone, short stature, incomplete sexual development,
1/9
, NURS 6111 – ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY – EXAM 1 STUDY GUIDE WITH KEY CONCEPTS
AND LAB VALUES
cognitive disabilities, problem behaviors, and a chronic feeling of hunger that can lead to excessive eating and
life-threatening obesity.
14. DiGeorge Syndrome: caused by missing piece of chromosome 22, attects the heart, immune system,
parathyroid glands, can be inherited from parents, DGS triad: conotruncal cardiac anomalies, hypoplastic thymus,
and hypocalcemia. can cause cleft lip, hearing loss, learning diflculties
15. Function of IgA antibody: inhibit the passage of alien substances that attempt to enter the circulatory
system. mucosal immunity
16. function of IgE antibody: protect against parasitic invasions and supervise allergic reactions
17. Function of IgG antibody: -Long-term immunity
-protection of newborns during the first 6 months of life
18. Function of IgM antibody: Activated complement system (classical pathway)
Agglutinate microorganism
19. Why can select IgA deficiency lead to a blood transfusion reaction?: can lead
to the patient developing antibodies that fight against the IgA causing a transfusion reaction
20. plasma proteins: albumin, fibrinogen, globulins. Proteins function to control oncotic pressure, transport
substances (hemoglobin, lipids, calcium), and promote inflammation and the complement cascade.
21. action potential stages: 1) resting potential = Na+ ions outside while K+ ions inside
2) depolarization = Na+ channels open & Na+ comes in; cell becomes more positive (meets threshold of -55 mV to
fire)
3) repolarization = K+ channels open & K+ goes out; cell becomes more negative
4) undershoot = cell goes below resting potential; K+ channels are slow to close
5) return to resting potential = both channels close; Na+ & K+ pumps restore concentration gradient
22. ABG interpretation: pH 7.35-7.45
PaCO2 35-45
HCO3 22-26
ROME- Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal
23. active transport: Energy-requiring(energy often supplied by ATP) process that moves material across a
cell membrane against a concentration ditterence
2/9
