MODULE 1
Claude points
WHAT ARE EMOTIONS?
Emotion is a motivated state with physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and mental experience —
varying in intensity and pleasantness.
Affect is the umbrella term. Emotions are intense, short-lived, directed at something. Moods are longer-
lasting, less intense, with no clear target.
"Everyone knows what an emotion is, until asked to define it" — 92 separate definitions have been
documented in research.
CLASSIFICATION MODELS
Basic emotion model:Ekman identified 6 basics — Fear, Disgust, Anger, Surprise, Joy, Sadness (+
Contempt as a 7th). Must have universal expressions, discrete physiology, and presence in primates.
Plutchik's Wheel (1980):8 basic emotions in opposite pairs (Joy↔Sadness, Anger↔Fear, etc.).
Combinations form 28 complex emotions. Intensity increases toward center.
Dimensional/Circumplex model (Russell, 1980):All emotions plotted on two axes — Valence (pleasant–
unpleasant) and Arousal (high–low). Produces 4 quadrants: excited, tense/distressed, bored/depressed,
calm/relaxed.
Parrot's model:Tree structure with primary → secondary → tertiary emotions. Secondary emotions are
derived from, not combinations of, primary ones.
MAJOR THEORIES OF EMOTION
James-Lange:Physiological changes happen first → we label the emotion. "I am trembling, therefore I am
afraid." Criticized for lacking experimental support.
Cannon-Bard:Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to cortex and body. Emotion and physiological
response are independent and parallel.
Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor):Emotion = physiological arousal + cognitive label. Same arousal can
become different emotions based on context/environment.
Appraisal theory (Lazarus):We appraise the situation first (primary appraisal = threat level; secondary
appraisal = coping ability), which then generates the emotion.
Zajonc-LeDoux dual pathway:"Low road" — fast, pre-cognitive emotional response (e.g., fear from loud
noise). "High road" — slower, involves thinking (e.g., love).
COMMUNICATION & MEASUREMENT
Ekman & Friesen's 5 nonverbal categories: Emblems, Illustrators, Regulators, Self-adaptors, Displays of
emotion.
Facial expressions involve ~43 muscles. FACS (Facial Action Coding System) is used to code which
muscles contract and for how long.
Read-out view: expressions mirror true internal feelings. Behavioral ecology view: expressions signal
social intentions, not just feelings.
Three ways to measure emotions: Self-report (e.g., PANAS scale), Physiological measures (EEG, fMRI,
heart rate), Behavioral observation (FACS).
Facial feedback hypothesis: making a facial expression can actually alter emotional experience, though the
effect is modest.
Claude QNA
MODULE 1: EMOTIONS - CONCEPTS AND CATEGORIES
Q: What are the three components that define emotion? A: (1) Physiological
arousal, (2) Expressive behavior, and (3) Mental experience
,Q: How do emotions differ from moods? A: Emotions are intense, short-lived,
directed at specific objects/people, and action-oriented. Moods are less
intense, longer-lasting, lack specific stimulus, and are more cognitive.
Q: What criteria classify an emotion as "basic"? A: (1) Universal expressions,
(2) Discrete physiology, (3) Presence in other primates, (4) Automatic appraisals
Q: Which emotions are considered basic by most researchers like Ekman? A:
Fear, Disgust, Anger, Surprise, Joy, and Sadness (some add Contempt as 7th)
Q: In Plutchik's Wheel, what are the four pairs of opposite emotions? A: Joy-
Sadness, Anger-Fear, Trust-Disgust, Surprise-Anticipation
Q: What are the two dimensions in Russell's Circumplex Model? A: (1)
Valence (pleasure-displeasure) and (2) Arousal (activation-deactivation)
Q: What are the four quadrants in the Circumplex Model? A: (1) High-
activation pleasant (excitement), (2) High-activation unpleasant
(tension/distress), (3) Low-activation unpleasant (boredom/depression), (4)
Low-activation pleasant (calmness/relaxation)
Q: Main limitation of basic emotion theory? A: No consensus on which
emotions are basic; list keeps changing; emotions appear overlapping rather
than distinct
MODULE 1: HISTORICAL THEORIES
Q: What was Darwin's main contribution to emotion study? A: Showed
emotional expressions evolved, are universal, serve communication functions,
and exist in both humans and animals
Q: What are Darwin's three principles of expression? A: (1) Serviceable
associated habits, (2) Antithesis, (3) Direct action of nervous system
Q: What does the James-Lange theory propose? A: Physiological changes
PRECEDE emotional experience ("I'm trembling, therefore I'm afraid")
Q: What are Cannon's criticisms of James-Lange theory? A: (1) Poor
perception of subtle physiological changes, (2) Same arousal for different
emotions, (3) Physiological changes too slow for instant emotions
Q: What does Cannon-Bard theory propose? A: Emotional experience and
physiological arousal occur SIMULTANEOUSLY and independently via the
thalamus
,Q: What are the two factors in Schachter-Singer theory? A: (1) Physiological
arousal and (2) Cognitive label/interpretation
Q: What is appraisal in Lazarus's theory? A: Assessment of the meaning and
relevance of a situation; comes BEFORE both arousal and emotion
Q: What are Lazarus's two types of appraisal? A: (1) Primary appraisal
(evaluates significance/threat) and (2) Secondary appraisal (evaluates coping
ability)
Q: What does Zajonc-LeDoux theory propose? A: Some emotions can occur
WITHOUT cognitive processing via a "low road" (fast, automatic), while others
use "high road" (slow, cognitive)
MODULE 1: COMMUNICATION & MEASUREMENT
Q: What are Ekman & Friesen's five categories of nonverbal behavior? A: (1)
Emblems, (2) Illustrators, (3) Regulators, (4) Self-adaptors, (5) Displays of
emotion
Q: What is the "read-out view" of facial expressions? A: Facial expressions
directly mirror/reveal internal emotional states (Ekman, Izard, Tomkins)
Q: What is the "behavioral ecology view"? A: Facial expressions indicate social
motives and behavioral intentions, not just internal feelings (Fridlund)
Q: What is the facial feedback hypothesis? A: Making facial expressions can
influence/create emotional experiences through feedback to the brain
Q: What are the three main ways to measure emotions? A: (1) Self-report
measures, (2) Physiological measures, (3) Behavioral observation
Q: What does FACS measure? A: Facial Action Coding System - codes which
facial muscles contract, for how long, and how intensely
Q: What do EEG and fMRI measure? A: EEG measures electrical brain activity
(millisecond timing); fMRI measures oxygen uptake/brain activity (spatial
precision within 2-3mm)
Gemini QNA
Topic 1: Concepts, Categories, and Models of Emotion
, 1. Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference
between emotions and moods?
A. Moods are intense feelings directed at a person, while emotions are less
intense.
B. Emotions are generally more action-oriented, while moods are generally
more cognitive (leading us to think or brood).
C. Moods are transitory and last for seconds, while emotions last for hours and
days.
D. Emotions lack a contextual stimulus, whereas moods are always focused on
a specific event.
• Answer: B. Emotions are generally more action-oriented (lead to
immediate actions) while moods are generally more cognitive.
2. According to Robert Plutchik's wheel of emotions, what is the polar
opposite of "joy"?
A. Fear
B. Disgust
C. Sadness
D. Anticipation
• Answer: C. Sadness. He suggested eight primary emotions composed of
four opposite emotion pairs: joy opposite to sadness; anger opposite to
fear; trust opposite to disgust and surprise opposite to anticipation.
3. In Plutchik's model, a "dyad" created by combining two adjacent basic
emotions (like joy and trust combining to form love) is called a:
A. Primary dyad
B. Secondary dyad
C. Tertiary dyad
D. Opposite dyad
• Answer: A. Primary dyad. Dyads can be primary when triggered by two
adjacent emotions.
Claude points
WHAT ARE EMOTIONS?
Emotion is a motivated state with physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and mental experience —
varying in intensity and pleasantness.
Affect is the umbrella term. Emotions are intense, short-lived, directed at something. Moods are longer-
lasting, less intense, with no clear target.
"Everyone knows what an emotion is, until asked to define it" — 92 separate definitions have been
documented in research.
CLASSIFICATION MODELS
Basic emotion model:Ekman identified 6 basics — Fear, Disgust, Anger, Surprise, Joy, Sadness (+
Contempt as a 7th). Must have universal expressions, discrete physiology, and presence in primates.
Plutchik's Wheel (1980):8 basic emotions in opposite pairs (Joy↔Sadness, Anger↔Fear, etc.).
Combinations form 28 complex emotions. Intensity increases toward center.
Dimensional/Circumplex model (Russell, 1980):All emotions plotted on two axes — Valence (pleasant–
unpleasant) and Arousal (high–low). Produces 4 quadrants: excited, tense/distressed, bored/depressed,
calm/relaxed.
Parrot's model:Tree structure with primary → secondary → tertiary emotions. Secondary emotions are
derived from, not combinations of, primary ones.
MAJOR THEORIES OF EMOTION
James-Lange:Physiological changes happen first → we label the emotion. "I am trembling, therefore I am
afraid." Criticized for lacking experimental support.
Cannon-Bard:Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to cortex and body. Emotion and physiological
response are independent and parallel.
Schachter-Singer (Two-Factor):Emotion = physiological arousal + cognitive label. Same arousal can
become different emotions based on context/environment.
Appraisal theory (Lazarus):We appraise the situation first (primary appraisal = threat level; secondary
appraisal = coping ability), which then generates the emotion.
Zajonc-LeDoux dual pathway:"Low road" — fast, pre-cognitive emotional response (e.g., fear from loud
noise). "High road" — slower, involves thinking (e.g., love).
COMMUNICATION & MEASUREMENT
Ekman & Friesen's 5 nonverbal categories: Emblems, Illustrators, Regulators, Self-adaptors, Displays of
emotion.
Facial expressions involve ~43 muscles. FACS (Facial Action Coding System) is used to code which
muscles contract and for how long.
Read-out view: expressions mirror true internal feelings. Behavioral ecology view: expressions signal
social intentions, not just feelings.
Three ways to measure emotions: Self-report (e.g., PANAS scale), Physiological measures (EEG, fMRI,
heart rate), Behavioral observation (FACS).
Facial feedback hypothesis: making a facial expression can actually alter emotional experience, though the
effect is modest.
Claude QNA
MODULE 1: EMOTIONS - CONCEPTS AND CATEGORIES
Q: What are the three components that define emotion? A: (1) Physiological
arousal, (2) Expressive behavior, and (3) Mental experience
,Q: How do emotions differ from moods? A: Emotions are intense, short-lived,
directed at specific objects/people, and action-oriented. Moods are less
intense, longer-lasting, lack specific stimulus, and are more cognitive.
Q: What criteria classify an emotion as "basic"? A: (1) Universal expressions,
(2) Discrete physiology, (3) Presence in other primates, (4) Automatic appraisals
Q: Which emotions are considered basic by most researchers like Ekman? A:
Fear, Disgust, Anger, Surprise, Joy, and Sadness (some add Contempt as 7th)
Q: In Plutchik's Wheel, what are the four pairs of opposite emotions? A: Joy-
Sadness, Anger-Fear, Trust-Disgust, Surprise-Anticipation
Q: What are the two dimensions in Russell's Circumplex Model? A: (1)
Valence (pleasure-displeasure) and (2) Arousal (activation-deactivation)
Q: What are the four quadrants in the Circumplex Model? A: (1) High-
activation pleasant (excitement), (2) High-activation unpleasant
(tension/distress), (3) Low-activation unpleasant (boredom/depression), (4)
Low-activation pleasant (calmness/relaxation)
Q: Main limitation of basic emotion theory? A: No consensus on which
emotions are basic; list keeps changing; emotions appear overlapping rather
than distinct
MODULE 1: HISTORICAL THEORIES
Q: What was Darwin's main contribution to emotion study? A: Showed
emotional expressions evolved, are universal, serve communication functions,
and exist in both humans and animals
Q: What are Darwin's three principles of expression? A: (1) Serviceable
associated habits, (2) Antithesis, (3) Direct action of nervous system
Q: What does the James-Lange theory propose? A: Physiological changes
PRECEDE emotional experience ("I'm trembling, therefore I'm afraid")
Q: What are Cannon's criticisms of James-Lange theory? A: (1) Poor
perception of subtle physiological changes, (2) Same arousal for different
emotions, (3) Physiological changes too slow for instant emotions
Q: What does Cannon-Bard theory propose? A: Emotional experience and
physiological arousal occur SIMULTANEOUSLY and independently via the
thalamus
,Q: What are the two factors in Schachter-Singer theory? A: (1) Physiological
arousal and (2) Cognitive label/interpretation
Q: What is appraisal in Lazarus's theory? A: Assessment of the meaning and
relevance of a situation; comes BEFORE both arousal and emotion
Q: What are Lazarus's two types of appraisal? A: (1) Primary appraisal
(evaluates significance/threat) and (2) Secondary appraisal (evaluates coping
ability)
Q: What does Zajonc-LeDoux theory propose? A: Some emotions can occur
WITHOUT cognitive processing via a "low road" (fast, automatic), while others
use "high road" (slow, cognitive)
MODULE 1: COMMUNICATION & MEASUREMENT
Q: What are Ekman & Friesen's five categories of nonverbal behavior? A: (1)
Emblems, (2) Illustrators, (3) Regulators, (4) Self-adaptors, (5) Displays of
emotion
Q: What is the "read-out view" of facial expressions? A: Facial expressions
directly mirror/reveal internal emotional states (Ekman, Izard, Tomkins)
Q: What is the "behavioral ecology view"? A: Facial expressions indicate social
motives and behavioral intentions, not just internal feelings (Fridlund)
Q: What is the facial feedback hypothesis? A: Making facial expressions can
influence/create emotional experiences through feedback to the brain
Q: What are the three main ways to measure emotions? A: (1) Self-report
measures, (2) Physiological measures, (3) Behavioral observation
Q: What does FACS measure? A: Facial Action Coding System - codes which
facial muscles contract, for how long, and how intensely
Q: What do EEG and fMRI measure? A: EEG measures electrical brain activity
(millisecond timing); fMRI measures oxygen uptake/brain activity (spatial
precision within 2-3mm)
Gemini QNA
Topic 1: Concepts, Categories, and Models of Emotion
, 1. Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference
between emotions and moods?
A. Moods are intense feelings directed at a person, while emotions are less
intense.
B. Emotions are generally more action-oriented, while moods are generally
more cognitive (leading us to think or brood).
C. Moods are transitory and last for seconds, while emotions last for hours and
days.
D. Emotions lack a contextual stimulus, whereas moods are always focused on
a specific event.
• Answer: B. Emotions are generally more action-oriented (lead to
immediate actions) while moods are generally more cognitive.
2. According to Robert Plutchik's wheel of emotions, what is the polar
opposite of "joy"?
A. Fear
B. Disgust
C. Sadness
D. Anticipation
• Answer: C. Sadness. He suggested eight primary emotions composed of
four opposite emotion pairs: joy opposite to sadness; anger opposite to
fear; trust opposite to disgust and surprise opposite to anticipation.
3. In Plutchik's model, a "dyad" created by combining two adjacent basic
emotions (like joy and trust combining to form love) is called a:
A. Primary dyad
B. Secondary dyad
C. Tertiary dyad
D. Opposite dyad
• Answer: A. Primary dyad. Dyads can be primary when triggered by two
adjacent emotions.
