ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy
Certificate Exam Questions and Answers
() (Real Exam Verified Answers)
The Normal Cell Cycle -✓✓-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes
of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase -✓✓Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
During interphase: -✓✓Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following
three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) -✓✓-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) -✓✓-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
,Mitotic Phase (M phase) -✓✓-Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and
move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from -✓✓-G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point -✓✓-The transition from the resting phase into an actively
dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send
the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) -✓✓-After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) -✓✓-Exceptions to this
are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time -✓✓Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -
✓✓http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/an
imation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
, Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control -✓✓-The cell cycle
is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can
alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular
dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -✓✓1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs -✓✓-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and
CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins -✓✓-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
DNA Damage Checkpoints -✓✓-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed
to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Certificate Exam Questions and Answers
() (Real Exam Verified Answers)
The Normal Cell Cycle -✓✓-The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes
of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Interphase and Mitotic Phase -✓✓Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
During interphase: -✓✓Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the following
three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) -✓✓-cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) -✓✓-DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
,Mitotic Phase (M phase) -✓✓-Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and
move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from -✓✓-G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point -✓✓-The transition from the resting phase into an actively
dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send
the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) -✓✓-After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1
phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) -✓✓-Exceptions to this
are those that are metabollically active, such as
-granulocytes
-and the epithelium of the GI tract
Cell Cycling Time -✓✓Amount of time from mitosis to mitosis
Cell cycle video and image -
✓✓http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/an
imation__how_the_cell_cycle_works.html
, Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control -✓✓-The cell cycle
is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can
alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular
dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -✓✓1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs -✓✓-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and
CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins -✓✓-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is
detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
DNA Damage Checkpoints -✓✓-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed
to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
