BCHM 4360 ACTUAL EXAM 2026 VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS

BCHM 4360 ACTUAL EXAM 2026 VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS



◉Molecular clock principle. Answer: Neutral substitutions
accumulate at rate ≈ mutation rate


◉Synonymous sites. Answer: DNA positions where mutations do not
change amino acid sequence.


◉Functional constraint. Answer: Selection limiting mutations in
important genes


◉Purifying selection. Answer: Removal of harmful mutations
(dN/dS < 1)


◉Positive selection. Answer: Favoring beneficial mutations (dN/dS >
1)


◉Genetic Distance. Answer: Measure of sequence divergence
between organisms

, ◉P-distance. Answer: Proportion of different nucleotides between
sequences


◉P-distance formula. Answer: Number of different bases ÷ total
sequence length


◉Reversion mutation. Answer: Mutation returning DNA to previous
state


◉Molecular clock calibration. Answer: Anchoring genetic distance to
known divergence time


◉Phylogenetic. Answer: Study of evolutionary relationships using
genetic data


◉Phylogenetic tree. Answer: Diagram representing evolutionary
relationships9


◉Root. Answer: Most recent common ancestor of all taxa in tree


◉Node. Answer: Speciation even representing shared ancestor


◉Branch. Answer: Evolutionary lineage