BCHM 4360 FINAL PAPER 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉Biochemical pathway epistasis rule. Answer: Upstream mutation is
epistatic to downstream mutation.
◉Synthetic phenotype. Answer: Double mutant produces new
phenotype not seen in single mutants.
◉Synthetic lethality. Answer: Two viable mutations become lethal
when combined.
◉Pathway ordering using epistasis. Answer: Phenotype reveals gene
order in biological pathway.
◉Genetic screen. Answer: Experimental method used to identify
genes responsible for a phenotype by analyzing mutants.
◉Forward genetic screen. Answer: Starts with phenotype and
identifies the gene responsible.
,◉Reverse genetic screen. Answer: Starts with a known gene and
determines its phenotype after mutation.
◉Mutagenesis. Answer: Process of introducing mutations to
generate genetic variation for screening.
◉Phenotype-based selection. Answer: Identifying mutants based on
observable traits
◉Selection. Answer: Screen where only desired mutants surviveS
◉Screen (vs selection). Answer: Requires examining individuals to
find mutants rather than survival filtering.
◉Reporter gene. Answer: Gene producing measurable signal used to
monitor gene activity.
◉CRISPR screen. Answer: High-throughput gene disruption using
CRISPR to identify gene function.
◉Enhancer mutation. Answer: Mutation that increases severity of
another mutation's phenotype
, ◉Suppressor mutation. Answer: Mutation occurs within same gene
restoring function
◉Extragenic suppressor. Answer: Mutation in different gene
compensates for defect.
◉Bypass supressor. Answer: Mutation activates alternative pathway
to restore phenotype.
◉Mutation. Answer: Change in DNA sequence
◉Loss-of-function mutation. Answer: Mutation that reduces or
eliminates gene activity.
◉Typical inheritance of loss-of-function. Answer: Usually recessive
because one functional allele is sufficient.
◉Haploinsufficiency. Answer: One functional copy is not enough for
normal phenotype
◉Dominant negative mutation. Answer: Mutant protein interferes
with function of normal protein
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
◉Biochemical pathway epistasis rule. Answer: Upstream mutation is
epistatic to downstream mutation.
◉Synthetic phenotype. Answer: Double mutant produces new
phenotype not seen in single mutants.
◉Synthetic lethality. Answer: Two viable mutations become lethal
when combined.
◉Pathway ordering using epistasis. Answer: Phenotype reveals gene
order in biological pathway.
◉Genetic screen. Answer: Experimental method used to identify
genes responsible for a phenotype by analyzing mutants.
◉Forward genetic screen. Answer: Starts with phenotype and
identifies the gene responsible.
,◉Reverse genetic screen. Answer: Starts with a known gene and
determines its phenotype after mutation.
◉Mutagenesis. Answer: Process of introducing mutations to
generate genetic variation for screening.
◉Phenotype-based selection. Answer: Identifying mutants based on
observable traits
◉Selection. Answer: Screen where only desired mutants surviveS
◉Screen (vs selection). Answer: Requires examining individuals to
find mutants rather than survival filtering.
◉Reporter gene. Answer: Gene producing measurable signal used to
monitor gene activity.
◉CRISPR screen. Answer: High-throughput gene disruption using
CRISPR to identify gene function.
◉Enhancer mutation. Answer: Mutation that increases severity of
another mutation's phenotype
, ◉Suppressor mutation. Answer: Mutation occurs within same gene
restoring function
◉Extragenic suppressor. Answer: Mutation in different gene
compensates for defect.
◉Bypass supressor. Answer: Mutation activates alternative pathway
to restore phenotype.
◉Mutation. Answer: Change in DNA sequence
◉Loss-of-function mutation. Answer: Mutation that reduces or
eliminates gene activity.
◉Typical inheritance of loss-of-function. Answer: Usually recessive
because one functional allele is sufficient.
◉Haploinsufficiency. Answer: One functional copy is not enough for
normal phenotype
◉Dominant negative mutation. Answer: Mutant protein interferes
with function of normal protein
