BCHM 4360 STUDY GUIDE 2026
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉Each chromosome contains ___ double-stranded DNA molecule.
Answer: one
◉Each chromosome has many _____ and other regions of DNA within
a single molecule. Regions between genes are __________.. Answer:
genes, intergenic
◉Eukaryotes have ______ chromosomes, most bacteria and archaea
have ________ chromosomes.. Answer: linear, circular
◉____ complex organisms tend to have more _______ arranged genes.
Example is _____.. Answer: less, densely, yeast
◉Humans have __ chromosomes while the kingfisher has ___ and
fission yeast have _.. Answer: 46, 132, 6
◉Ploidy refers to. Answer: how many sets of identical chromosomes
an organism has
,◉What is ploidy of humans and human sex cells?. Answer: diploid,
haploid
◉Each individual chromosome is __________ between the mother and
the father.. Answer: homologous
◉_________ cells have multiple sets of chromosomes and are common
in some plants. However, some human cells such as _____ cells are
also _________.. Answer: Polyploid, liver, polyploid
◉Eukaryotic cells can have __________ DNA to the chromosomal DNA
found in the _______.. Answer: additional, nucleus
◉____________ have their own, usually ________, chromosomes.. Answer:
Mitochondria, circular
◉____________ also have their own chromosomes.. Answer:
Chloroplasts
◉____________ and ____________ are thought to have derived from
ancestral free-living bacteria that were absorbed and maintained by
other single-celled organisms.. Answer: Mitochondria, chloroplasts
,◉Bacterial cells often have additional DNA within their cells -- small
circular molecules known as ________.. Answer: plasmids
◉Viruses are infectious agents and carry genetic information as
small ___ or ___ chromosomes. These chromosomes can be ______ or
_______, and ______ or ______ stranded.. Answer: DNA, RNA, linear,
circular, double, single
◉Chromosomes must be ______ and ___________ to the next generation
of cells faithfully.. Answer: copied, transferred
◉Cells must copy DNA and separate the chromosomes ______ they
can divide.. Answer: before
◉In somatic cells, the sequence of events of cell division is called
what?. Answer: the cell cycle
◉The chromosome cycle is ___________ with the cell cycle.. Answer:
coordinated
◉What are the four main phases to the cell cycle?. Answer: G1, S, G2,
M
, ◉Describe what happens in G1.. Answer: Cells grow to a minimum
size required for the next stage
◉Describe what happens in S.. Answer: DNA is copied, duplicating
the chromosomes. The two sister chromatids remain associated
with one another.
◉Describe what happens in G2.. Answer: The cell prepares for
mitosis
◉Describe what happens in M.. Answer: Sister chromatids are
separated and a full set of chromosomes is moved to each pole of the
cell.
◉On entry to which cell cycle phase does the nuclear envelope break
down?. Answer: M
◉In condensed chromosomes, DNA appears as large _____ anchored
near the middle of the chromosome.. Answer: loops
◉Chromosomes consist of ___ plus __________ proteins that help
condense the DNA into a smaller space and _______ the genome..
Answer: DNA, packaging, protect
COMPREHENSIVE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
◉Each chromosome contains ___ double-stranded DNA molecule.
Answer: one
◉Each chromosome has many _____ and other regions of DNA within
a single molecule. Regions between genes are __________.. Answer:
genes, intergenic
◉Eukaryotes have ______ chromosomes, most bacteria and archaea
have ________ chromosomes.. Answer: linear, circular
◉____ complex organisms tend to have more _______ arranged genes.
Example is _____.. Answer: less, densely, yeast
◉Humans have __ chromosomes while the kingfisher has ___ and
fission yeast have _.. Answer: 46, 132, 6
◉Ploidy refers to. Answer: how many sets of identical chromosomes
an organism has
,◉What is ploidy of humans and human sex cells?. Answer: diploid,
haploid
◉Each individual chromosome is __________ between the mother and
the father.. Answer: homologous
◉_________ cells have multiple sets of chromosomes and are common
in some plants. However, some human cells such as _____ cells are
also _________.. Answer: Polyploid, liver, polyploid
◉Eukaryotic cells can have __________ DNA to the chromosomal DNA
found in the _______.. Answer: additional, nucleus
◉____________ have their own, usually ________, chromosomes.. Answer:
Mitochondria, circular
◉____________ also have their own chromosomes.. Answer:
Chloroplasts
◉____________ and ____________ are thought to have derived from
ancestral free-living bacteria that were absorbed and maintained by
other single-celled organisms.. Answer: Mitochondria, chloroplasts
,◉Bacterial cells often have additional DNA within their cells -- small
circular molecules known as ________.. Answer: plasmids
◉Viruses are infectious agents and carry genetic information as
small ___ or ___ chromosomes. These chromosomes can be ______ or
_______, and ______ or ______ stranded.. Answer: DNA, RNA, linear,
circular, double, single
◉Chromosomes must be ______ and ___________ to the next generation
of cells faithfully.. Answer: copied, transferred
◉Cells must copy DNA and separate the chromosomes ______ they
can divide.. Answer: before
◉In somatic cells, the sequence of events of cell division is called
what?. Answer: the cell cycle
◉The chromosome cycle is ___________ with the cell cycle.. Answer:
coordinated
◉What are the four main phases to the cell cycle?. Answer: G1, S, G2,
M
, ◉Describe what happens in G1.. Answer: Cells grow to a minimum
size required for the next stage
◉Describe what happens in S.. Answer: DNA is copied, duplicating
the chromosomes. The two sister chromatids remain associated
with one another.
◉Describe what happens in G2.. Answer: The cell prepares for
mitosis
◉Describe what happens in M.. Answer: Sister chromatids are
separated and a full set of chromosomes is moved to each pole of the
cell.
◉On entry to which cell cycle phase does the nuclear envelope break
down?. Answer: M
◉In condensed chromosomes, DNA appears as large _____ anchored
near the middle of the chromosome.. Answer: loops
◉Chromosomes consist of ___ plus __________ proteins that help
condense the DNA into a smaller space and _______ the genome..
Answer: DNA, packaging, protect
